This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/eb042140. When citing the article, please…
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/eb042140. When citing the article, please cite: L.K. Aggarwal, G.W. Kapse, (1985), “Modified iron-oxide pigment based paints”, Pigment & Resin Technology, Vol. 14 Iss: 6, pp. 4 - 11.
Corrosion protection efficiency of any protective system depends not only on the nature and quality of the coating system used but also on the condition of the mrface on which it…
Abstract
Corrosion protection efficiency of any protective system depends not only on the nature and quality of the coating system used but also on the condition of the mrface on which it is to be applied. Various metal cleaning methods include (a) chemical cleaning — solvent degreasing, alkali cleaning and acid pickling (b) mechanical cleaning — shot blasting and (c) chemical conversion coatings — phosphating. Several of the recent advances in the field of prepaint treatment of steel have had as an objective the provision of an intrinsically fine, compact, well adhered zinc phosphate coating. Studies in this direction have been carried out in Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee and conditions for a suitable phosphating process have been optimised. Some work on the development of zinc rich paints based on both inorganic as well as organic binders have already been reported. The study has been extended by evaluating the performance of these zinc rich coatings on phosphated steel panels. In this report the performance of the above mentioned coatings when applied on the phosphated steel panels have been discussed. The studies reported include the preparation of the phosphated mild steel panels having three levels of coating wight ranging between 1.5–7.5 g/m2 (obtained by varying only the immersion time and keeping other parameters similar). A cost of zinc rich paint (75m?) based on either sodium silicate or chlorinated rubber binder was then applied on these panels along with the unphosphated ones. Comparison of the corrosion protection efficiency of the various systems thus obtained was carried out by using both laboratory and accelerated laboratory tests as well as by outdoor exposure studies. The performance of the coatings on phosphated panels has been remarkedly satisfactory as compared to the unphosphated panels. This is particularly so when the coating weight of the phosphate layer is between 4.5–7.5 g/m2; there is not any marked difference in the performance of paints applied on a phosphated layer with a coating weight of about 1.5 g/m2 as compared to the unphosphated panels.
It is well known that iron oxide, a pigment widely used in the paint industry, can not bring about chemical inhibition of the corrosion process. This pigment, however, belongs to…
Abstract
It is well known that iron oxide, a pigment widely used in the paint industry, can not bring about chemical inhibition of the corrosion process. This pigment, however, belongs to the semi‐conductor group and as such its structure is amenable to modification. The method essentially consists of mixing another oxide with iron oxide and subsequent calcination. The modified iron oxide was studied in four media viz., linseed oil, alkyd, chlorinated rubber and sodium silicate. The paints prepared in these media were evaluated by laboratory and natural weathering tests. The results have shown that the modified iron oxide pigment does bring about corrosion inhibition and that its performance is on a par with that of red lead in linseed oil and can be used with advantage. There is an overall saving in the cost of protection per unit area of iron and steel.
For any paint or coating system performance in service is determined by the whole formulation, with each of the individual ingredients contributing either directly or by…
Abstract
For any paint or coating system performance in service is determined by the whole formulation, with each of the individual ingredients contributing either directly or by interaction to the overall balance of film properties. Within these constraints, paint formulators recognise that certain materials have a well defined role to play and in many instances a consideration of a coatings service requirements does largely dictate the initial approach to formulation. One such ‘key’ group of materials are the pigments added to anticorrosive paints to provide protection to metallic substrates under aggressive conditions of exposure. One group of these pigments inhibit corrosion by perturbing in one of a number of ways the chemical reactions that would otherwise occur on the substrate surface in the presence of water. Other types of protective pigments function by improving the barrier properties of the applied paint film so that water cannot readily permeate through and initiate corrosion reactions on the substrate. Pigments in this group typically have a flake‐like particle shape which enables a ‘leafing’ effect to be achieved within the liquid coating after application. The inhibitive types of pigment need to be in close proximity to the substrate to function properly, and accordingly these are normally placed in primer coats only. The flake pigments which reduce moisture permeation through the film are most effective if added in depth, and these are often added to severa or all of the coats comprising a system, or are included as the sole protective pigment in high‐build paints. Recent developments in both of these broad groups of inhibitive and flake pigments will be considered in this article.
Vaibhav Tripathi, Prajna Paromita Dey, Ramji Nagariya and Ajai Pratap Singh
Even after establishing their business successfully, many business owners get demotivated, and it leads to unwillingness to grow. This study aims to propose a comprehensive model…
Abstract
Purpose
Even after establishing their business successfully, many business owners get demotivated, and it leads to unwillingness to grow. This study aims to propose a comprehensive model that represents interrelationships among various personal factors affecting “unwillingness to grow.”
Design/methodology/approach
The personal factors for unwillingness to grow were identified by extant literature, and expert interviews were conducted to establish the contextual relationships among these factors. The interrelationships among the filtered variables have been done using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis was done to determine the importance of each factor in influencing “unwillingness to grow.”
Findings
In total, 30 personal attributes were identified from previous literature, out of which 15 were selected for the final study. The result identifies 7 variables having a strong impact on “unwillingness to grow.” These attributes are “absence of strong network,” “lack of vision,” “lack of proactiveness,” “reluctance to involve external consultants,” “absence of/small founding team,” “lack of ambition” and “improper attitude.”
Originality/value
The research attempts to create a bricolage of all the important personal factors affecting “unwillingness to grow.” Previous researches have used few attributes, but with the help of ISM, a graphical modeling technique, it became possible to draw interrelationship between 15 attributes. Further, with the help of MICMAC, the importance of each attribute was determined.
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Keywords
Oluwaseyi Omowunmi Popogbe, Simeon Oludiran Akinleye and Mautin David Oke
This paper aims to measure multi-dimensional poverty in Lagos State slums. This study is relevant because slums are becoming a present-day reality for urban cities and it is now…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to measure multi-dimensional poverty in Lagos State slums. This study is relevant because slums are becoming a present-day reality for urban cities and it is now paramount to understand the dynamics of deprivations suffered under various dimensions in the slums.
Design/methodology/approach
A multi-stage sampling technique is used to sample 400 respondents from five slums (Makoko, Iwaya, Ilaje, IjoraBadia and Amukoko) in Lagos State and information have gotten using a structured questionnaire. The fuzzy set approach to measuring multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) is used in estimating the MPI for the slums.
Findings
The findings from the study show that although all the slums have varying MPI; however, the average MPI for the slums is 0.49. Further findings show that majority of the households are largely deprived in the education dimension, proceeded by the living standards dimension and finally, health dimension.
Research limitations/implications
The current study focused on a few selected slums in Lagos State and findings show that it may be erroneous to absolutely adopt policy implications derived for other major slums in cities around the world.
Originality/value
This study advances the frontier of slum studies in Nigeria by following an analytical path in understanding the degree of poverty in the slums.
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Sunil Luthra, Marijn Janssen, Nripendra P. Rana, Gunjan Yadav and Yogesh K. Dwivedi
Blockchain technology (BCT) can be used for a wide variety of applications across domains and can bring many benefits. BCT-based applications can be beneficial for the government…
Abstract
Purpose
Blockchain technology (BCT) can be used for a wide variety of applications across domains and can bring many benefits. BCT-based applications can be beneficial for the government as well as businesses. Despite the many promises, BCT implementation lags behind. The purpose of this research is to identify a roadmap of critical implementation challenges that influence BCT implementation by governments.
Design/methodology/approach
The study develops an ISM-based model spread across seven levels to analyze the inter-relationship among the selected BCT challenges. The MICMAC analysis further helps in evaluating the variables based on their driving power and dependencies.
Findings
The findings show that all challenges have a strong impact on implementing BCT. The foundation for implementation BCT is to define standards and develop appropriate regulations. Next, the findings show the need for a shared infrastructure meeting the basic technical and societal requirements and developing viable business models to advance BCT implementation. Many challenges hinder the development of blockchain applications meeting the technical and ethical requirements.
Originality/value
Existing research has analyzed the relationship among challenges. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first paper to collate these implementation challenges and incorporate them to develop a hierarchical model using interpretive structural modeling technique. The results can be used to prioritize the tackling of the challenges.
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Theodoros Zygiridis, Stamatis A. Amanatiadis, Theodosios Karamanos and Nikolaos V. Kantartzis
The extraordinary properties of graphene render it ideal for diverse contemporary and future applications. Aiming at the investigation of certain aspects commonly overlooked in…
Abstract
Purpose
The extraordinary properties of graphene render it ideal for diverse contemporary and future applications. Aiming at the investigation of certain aspects commonly overlooked in pertinent works, the authors study wave-propagation phenomena supported by graphene layers within a stochastic framework, i.e. when uncertainty in various factors affects the graphene’s surface conductivity. Given that the consideration of an increasing number of graphene sheets may increase the stochastic dimensionality of the corresponding problem, efficient surrogates with reasonable computational cost need to be developed.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors exploit the potential of generalized Polynomial Chaos (PC) expansions and develop low-cost surrogates that enable the efficient extraction of the necessary statistical properties displayed by stochastic graphene-related quantities of interest (QoI). A key step is the incorporation of an initial variance estimation, which unveils the significance of each input parameter and facilitates the selection of the most appropriate basis functions, by favoring anisotropic formulae. In addition, the impact of controlling the allowable input interactions in the expansion terms is investigated, aiming at further PC-basis elimination.
Findings
The proposed stochastic methodology is assessed via comparisons with reference Monte-Carlo results, and the developed reduced basis models are shown to be sufficiently reliable, being at the same time computationally cheaper than standard PC expansions. In this context, different graphene configurations with varying numbers of random inputs are modeled, and interesting conclusions are drawn regarding their stochastic responses.
Originality/value
The statistical properties of surface-plasmon polaritons and other QoIs are predicted reliably in diverse graphene configurations, when the surface conductivity displays non-trivial uncertainty levels. The suggested PC methodology features simple implementation and low complexity, yet its performance is not compromised, compared to other standard approaches, and it is shown to be capable of delivering valid results.
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Sanaz Vatankhah, Vahideh Bamshad, Gui Lohmann and Belal Shneikat
This paper explores the intricate interdependencies among core components of airline business models (BMs). In the airline industry, where BMs are complex systems, a successful BM…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper explores the intricate interdependencies among core components of airline business models (BMs). In the airline industry, where BMs are complex systems, a successful BM requires an orchestrated configuration of various components. However, there is a paucity of research in BM literature pertaining to the interrelationships among key components of airline BMs.
Design/methodology/approach
Employing interpretive structural modelling, we gathered input from experts in Iran to assess the driving power and dependency of elements within airline BMs.
Findings
Our findings highlight the significance of operating environment conditions and competitive market dynamics as pivotal external components shaping the foundational structure. Value proposition, customer relationship management, and process monitoring are crucial linkage components that drive power and dependency. Notably, capturing value is positioned with the highest dependency.
Practical implications
We utilised the ISM technique to visualize interdependencies within airline business models, aiding strategic decision-making. Our findings suggest aligning business and operational strategies with market needs ensures effective value creation and capture, maintaining competitive advantage in the airline industry. In addition, our research reveals critical factors affecting value creation and capture, emphasising monitoring the operating environment and competitive market, and strategically managing value propositions and customer relationship initiatives in the airline industry. We advise adapting business models to external changes for sustained growth and recommend regular monitoring of industry trends and customer expectations.
Originality/value
Framed within complexity theory, these insights offer valuable perspectives on identifying and situating critical BM components in the airline industry. The practical implications derived from this study serve as strategic tools for airline managers and potential investors to optimise the design of their airline BMs.
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ADA DEVELOPMENTS The ADA programming language project, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Defence, will have far reaching effects on both the programming and the design…
Abstract
ADA DEVELOPMENTS The ADA programming language project, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Defence, will have far reaching effects on both the programming and the design of future computers. Its original objects were to cater for the production of reliable, readable programs for communicating with computer systems. There was to be a formality of language definition and even simplicity in its concept. Whether these aims have been achieved at the design level is, as discussed in Kybernetes (10(3), 156, 1981), still the subject of controversy. Certainly Prof. C. A. R. Hoare (Oxford University, U.K.) has reservations.