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The purpose of this chapter is fivefold. First, it highlights that, despite apparent progress, business in general, and marketing in particular, has made little impact upon environmental sustainability. Second, it offers four explanations for the persistent challenges that contribute to this lack of meaningful progress. Third, it presents two theoretical lenses (i.e., assemblage theory and socio-ecological systems theory) for viewing environmental sustainability from new perspectives. Fourth, it offers a mid-range theory, biomimicry, to bridge the gap between these higher-level theories and managerial decisions on the ground. Finally, it offers implications and ideas for future research based on these persistent challenges and new perspectives.

Our paper is theoretical in focus. We offer a conceptual analysis of persistent challenges facing business efforts in environmental sustainability and suggest useful lenses to integrate marketing decisions more closely with our natural environment.

We present biomimicry as an actionable framework that seeks inspiration from nature and also explicitly grounds marketing decisions in the natural world.

Our paper draws attention to the challenges facing firms seeking to achieve better performance in environmental sustainability. In addition, it offers a set of fresh theoretical perspectives as well as future issues for scholarly research in this domain.

Our work is designed to be provocative; it articulates reasons why business efforts in environmental sustainability do not scale to meaningful impact upon our planet and explores theoretical lenses by which those efforts could be more impactful.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a survey of the empirical literature on environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) estimation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions over the period of 1991–2017.

This survey categorizes the studies on the basis of power of income in empirical models of EKC. It has been hypothesized that the EKC shows an inverted U-shaped association between economic growth and CO₂ emissions.

For all the contexts, the results of EKC estimation for CO₂ emissions are inconclusive in nature. The reasons behind this discrepancy can be attributed to the choice of contexts, time period, explanatory variables, and methodological adaptation.

The future studies in this context should not only consider new set of variables (e.g. corruption index, social indicators, political scenario, energy research and development expenditures, foreign capital inflows, happiness, population education structure, public investment toward alternate energy exploration, etc.), but also the data set should be refined, so that the EKC estimation issues raised by Stern (2004) can be addressed.

By far, no study in the literature of ecological economics has focused on the empirical estimation of EKC for CO₂ emissions. This particular context has been used for this study, as CO₂ is one of the highest studied pollutants in the ecological economics, and especially within the EKC hypothesis framework.

CFCs and HCFCs have been used extensively in bulk cleaning of computer boards and are included in well established branch of chemistry. Due to the removal of one such CFC (CFC‐113) and the recent discontinuation of HCFC‐141b by the year 1996, there has been a push for the generation of new replacement solvents for these products. One of the new additions includes one product with an isomeric blend of two ingredients in the base formula. This isomeric mixture consists of 1,3‐dichloro‐1,1,2,2,3‐pentafluoropropane and 3,3‐dichloro‐1,1,1,2,2‐pentafluoropropane. Both isomers are under the trade name AK‐225. Recently, Tech Spray, Inc., were chosen as an authorised distributor for AK‐225. Current research has proven that AK‐225 can be used as an adequate replacement for the above solvents. Originally designed as a drop‐in replacement for CFC‐113, AK‐225 has also been proven effective as a replacement for HCFC‐141b in many tests performed. Alcohol blends with these solvents have been previously proven to have the ability to increase cleaning efficiency of the base solvent. One disadvantage of this is that, when large amounts of alcohols are added, the product becomes flammable. Tech Spray, Inc., have been able to prove that a wide range of azeotropes can be formed with even larger amounts of alcohols than were used previously in current CFC and HCFC blends and still remain non‐flammable. With existing properties, the AK‐225 azeotropes demonstrate broad defluxing abilities, and are also able to replace a wide range of solvents. AK‐225 can be used as a drop‐in replacement in current systems practising vapour degreasing, bulk in‐line use, and ultrasonic cleaning. As can be concluded from the test data, where used as a replacement for such solvents as mentioned above, AK‐225 and its blends can prove effective for drop‐in replacement. A major concern in the electronics industry today, due to the phase‐out of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)‐113, and the recent discussion of the phase‐out of 1,1‐dichloro‐1‐fluoroethane (HCFC‐141b), is to find a new replacement exhibiting similar properties. The product must not only match but should also excel in solvent properties to reach the demands placed upon it by the electronics cleaning and manufacturing industry.

Employing World Bank data, this article finds that the observed worldwide transition from industrial to service activity has an insignificant long‐term impact on global de‐materialization. Unlike earlier studies that focus on actual material flows for specific sectors, this study considers economy‐wide sectoral composition changes from 1960 to 1998 for 206 countries, and infers some future scenarios based on observed trends. Sensitivity analysis under alternative assumptions about technological change and average industry material intensity indicates that, unless de‐materialization is “weakly” defined, a leveling off of world gross domestic product at some time this century will probably be required to achieve it.

Youth and young adults with emotional and/or behavioral difficulties (EBD) face particularly difficult challenges in their efforts to fit into adult roles and functions. The purpose of this chapter is to assist providers, educators, and administrators from the mental health, education, child welfare, justice/corrections, and adult service system sectors understand (a) a practice for improving the progress and outcomes for young people in transition, and (b) how this practice model is implemented in communities to impact the lives of youth in transition to adulthood. This is accomplished in two major parts in this chapter. The first part provides an overview of the Transition to Independence Process (TIP) model, a description of its status as an evidence-supported practice, and tools and strategies that support its implementation in communities and regions across North America. The TIP model is further illustrated through a description of how it is applied with a young person. The second part of the chapter provides an overview of implementation science, a description of how its strategies and tools can guide the implementation of an intervention or model; and an illustration of a large-scale TIP implementation initiative with collaboratives of agencies and schools. This chapter concludes with implications regarding the importance of having effective transition-to-adulthood models; and ensuring the implementation and sustainability of these to improve the progress and outcomes of youth and young adults with EBD.

The purpose of this article is to illustrate how the Unruh Act affects the workplace during these times. The Unruh Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination and enforces equal rights in business establishments. Since its enactment it has been modified to try to encompass the diversity of all of California’s residents. Yet is remains an act that has its loopholes due to the way it can be interpreted, and has caused confusion in the court system. Today, discrimination in the workplace is rampant according to the number of recent court case filings. Recently, sex discrimination of different type appears to be the most prevalent. Despite efforts to curb such behaviour by companies and employees, it is still amajor controversial issue that still cannot be resolved. This has caused company management to review and restructure company policies in order to try to minimise lawsuits.

This chapter examines the barriers to reentry for justice involved young people in the US and Australia from the perspectives of the 44 Australian and 14 US stakeholders who work with them. The interviews were analyzed using inductive content analysis to identify key internal and external barriers. Results suggest a need for improvement in the areas of collaboration among systems, family engagement, and student self-determination. The discussion focuses on the similarities and differences in the barriers that exist across nations and systems. Implications for future research, practice, and policy are included to improve transition services and supports for juvenile justice involved youth.

This paper reviews recent developments in marketing-related sustainable business practices (SBP) that macromarketing scholars have researched and debated for four decades. Such SBPs should be regarded as positive steps toward a future where business does more good than harm in society.

Using the approach of a literature review, this paper highlights the actions of entrepreneurs and firms to implement SBPs resulting from analysis of the interplay between markets, marketing and society. Such analysis is in the tradition of macromarketing scholarship.

The study identifies important developments about an important shift toward adopting SBPs among many firms, as well as among consumers − especially, in developed countries of the world.

The study suggests that taking a macromarketing view offers scholars a broad lens on current complex marketplace phenomena that will prove effective in better understanding sustainability issues.

The results of the study underline the value of macromarketing scholarship through the last four decades. By being daring enough to consider other stakeholders other than marketers and owners of firms, macromarketers have provided scholars a more holistic understanding of business’ role in society.

Today, enlightened practitioners who utilize knowledge from macromarketing scholarship can gain a competitive advantage as they navigate markets increasingly influenced by a wider set of stakeholders. Such influential stakeholders include partner firms, employees, society and local communities, NGOs, media, government, as well as the environment and future generations. Scholars can gain perspective on the phenomena they investigate with such a macromarketing lens.