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ALL aircraft and aero‐engine performance calculations are reduced to an agreed Standard Atmosphere defined by the International Commission on Air Navigation in order that direct comparison between the results can be easily made. But for design purposes, especially the design of radiators, this Standard Atmosphere is neither universally adopted nor suitable. Other most commonly used atmospheric conditions in this country are the Temperate Summer and the Tropical Summer. Some of the properties of these atmospheres are given in various Air Publications issued by the Ministry of Aircraft Production, including It. & M. 1891, and can also be found on p. 179 of the Meteorological Glossary (third edition) issued by the Meteorological Office. Unfortunately, the functions tabulated in these publications are inadequate for practical purposes except in the case of the I.C.A.N, atmosphere where all the commonly used functions are given in “Physical Properties of the Standard Atmosphere” by Messrs Pankhurst and Conn in R. & M. 1891. It is, therefore, proposed to fill up this gap and to give functions commonly used for Temperate Summer and Tropical Summer atmospheres on lines similar to those used in R. & M. 1891.

IN most aerodynamical problems it is convenient to consider the aircraft to be stationary and the air to be flowing with a speed equal to the flight speed in a direction opposite to the direction of the flight. This practice simplifies the investigation of the motion of the aircraft and is perfectly legitimate from the mathematical point of view. Thus, if the flight speed is v, the kinetic energy or the dynamic head, q, of unit mass of air is ½ρv2. It the air is allowed to flow through a restriction, for example, a radiator or an air intake duct, the velocity of flow is reduced, and the dynamic energy thus lost is converted into the pressure energy. In most problems it is sufficiently accurate to assume that air is an incompressible fluid so that the density remains constant, and the flow changes can be investigated by applying the well‐known Bernoulli's Equation, viz., p+½ρv2=constant. This assumption is not strictly true, as the flow changes are usually brought about very quickly and there is little chance for the heat generated to be dissipated. However, the error made by this simplified assumption is not very large if the flight speed is fairly low. But in the case of high‐speed aircraft, e.g. a fighter aircraft, the above assumption involves a considerable error. To make a due allowance for the suddenness of the change, it would be necessary to discard the notion of the incompressibility of air and to use the adiabatic law between the pressure and the density of air. Thus, a better and a truer picture of the actual state of affairs would be obtained by assuming the air to be compressible and to investigate its effect on the pressure, density, and the temperature of the air. It is proposed to make a theoretical investigation of this problem on these lines and to present the results in the form of tables, graphs, and nomograms which could be easily applied in the solution of any practical problem on the flow changes.

IN the course of stressing certain front cross members of an engine mounting it was found necessary to determine the shear'stress on various sections of the cross members as accurately as possible. These cross members were by no means of uniform cross‐section, so that it was considered desirable to investigate, a formula which would give shear stress in a tapered beam. The “classical” methods evolved by Messrs. Coker and Filon in their Treatise on Photo‐elasticity and by Mr. Atkin in AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING, Vol. X, November and December, 1938, pp. 347–351 and 371–374 were found to be too elaborate. In September, 1942, Messrs. Pugsley and Weatherhead contributed an article entitled “The Shear Stresses in Tapered Beams”, to the Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society. These authors start with a standard expression for shear stress based on the equilibrium of a portion of a beam and apply it to the solution of some examples. In the course of my investigations, it has been found possible to extend the “engineering” analysis of shear stress in beams of uniform section to beams of variable cross‐section. The expression for the determination of shear stress thus arrived at is very convenient and quite suitable for graphical methods. However, in the case of symmetrically tapering beams, an approximate formula has been developed for the shear stress in terms of shear force, bending moment, taper angle and section inertia and this formula is much more convenient and simple to apply than the standard expression used by Messrs. Pugsley and Weatherhead.

This study empirically identifies household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as restaurant characteristics that affect the probability of households choosing an ethnic restaurant (American, Asian, European, Mexican and other) in the USA.

A multinomial logistic regression model is applied using the data derived from the information from the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey conducted between April 2012 and January 2013.

The empirical findings suggest that such factors as the unit cost on away-from-home food items (i.e. price), region of residence, primary respondent's ethnicity, race, education level, marital status and employment status as well as such restaurant characteristics as availability of loyalty program and presence of coupons significantly affect the probability of households choosing a particular ethnic restaurant in the USA.

The original dataset employed in this study does not permit the quantification of information associated with size, location, and number of years in operation for the ethnic restaurants considered. Also, the dataset does not permit the classification of the ethnic restaurants included in the “other” category.

To the best of the authors' knowledge, there has been no empirical micro-level analysis associated with determining factors impacting households' choice of ethnic restaurants using a polytomous logistic regression model allowing for a wide range of ethnic restaurants and covering the entire USA, based on an extensive set of household demographic and socioeconomic factors and restaurants characteristics. As such, the current study plugs this research gap, with the empirical findings furnished by this study being of importance to ethnic restaurant operators (owners) in the operators' effort to develop effective marketing strategies.

The purpose of the paper is to test the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a tool in fraud detection.

Following a review of the relevant literature on fraud detection by auditors, the authors developed a questionnaire which they distributed to auditors attending a fraud detection seminar. The questionnaire was then used to develop seven ANNs to test the usage of these models in fraud detection.

Utilizing exogenous and endogenous factors as input variables to ANNs and in developing seven different models, an average of 90 per cent accuracy was found in the fraud detection prediction model. It has, therefore, been demonstrated that ANNs can be used by auditors to identify fraud‐prone companies.

Whilst previous researchers have looked at empirical predictors of fraud, fraud risk assessment methods and mechanically fraud risk assessment methods, no other research has combined both exogenous and endogenous factors in developing ANNs to be used in fraud detection. Thus, auditors can use ANNs as complementary to other techniques at the planning stage of their audit to predict if a particular audit client is likely to have been victimized by a fraudster.

Considerable effort has been made by this Laboratory and industry to make polyfunctional derivatives of rosin through the introduction of different groups into the resin acid moiety.

Developing economies like India have adopted the Sustainable Development Goals of sustainable cities and communities and reduced inequalities to achieve inclusive development and growth. Globally, the indigenous communities or tribals seek reparation for conflicts between proclaiming indigenous rights and claiming natural resources. There is little literature on challenges to the social inclusion of the tribes or the indigenous people. This literature review study aimed to (a) introduce the problem of social exclusion of indigenous people, (b) discuss the most researched dimensions of social inclusion of the tribal or indigenous people using relevant theoretical frameworks and (c) to develop conceptual frameworks on the theory of social inclusion of the indigenous people. PRISMA protocol was followed, and various tools were used for bibliographic management and text mining with 58 articles selected from 944 journals indexed in Web of Sciences. The analysis of the literature underscores four pivotal themes namely (1) the cultural identity of indigenous people, (2) the debate on the legitimacy of the rights of indigenous people rights and sustainable development, (3) factors impacting the social inclusion of the indigenous people and (4) coping strategies for the social inclusion of the indigenous people. The literature review highlights urgent needs to socially include indigenous and tribal people. Various factors impact the financial inclusion of the poor, including cognitive and affective factors. It is essential to leverage the skills and expertise of the local indigenous people for forest management and land management to ensure the social inclusion of the poor and tribes.

Management fraud is an important issue, as determined by significant governing bodies and major accounting firms. There are significant implications for the profession and the capital markets from instances of management fraud. This study determined instances of management fraud using SEC AAER's and advances our understanding of the internal and external environmental factors that might lead to instances of management fraud. There is further analysis of industries where instances of management fraud were prevalent.

To break the chains of inequality for access to education for marginalized groups across India and move toward an egalitarian society, where all people can live with dignity and fulfill their dreams, the need of the hour is to strengthen the education system and prepare teachers with secular and reformative thinking. This chapter attempts to examine the problems of various marginalized groups in Indian society and their educational provisions. This work also aims to analyze several issues and challenges related to preparing teachers for inclusive schools and to draw attention to the need to reframe and revise teacher education programs and enforce inclusive teacher education practices in India to promote inclusion.