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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1968

J.A. Von Fraunhofer and G.A. Pickup

In the study of a corrosion phenomenon, corrosion product analysis can only be regarded as a part, albeit essential, of the whole investigation. The content to which any corrosion…

22

Abstract

In the study of a corrosion phenomenon, corrosion product analysis can only be regarded as a part, albeit essential, of the whole investigation. The content to which any corrosion process, and its manifestations, is studied is governed by several factors, which include the information required, the motive behind the investigation (research or industrial), the relevance of laboratory tests with respect to service conditions and the cost of the work. The ad hoc solutions of a plant engineer are often satisfactory over an indefinite period but they can only rarely be regarded as the complete answer to a particular corrosion problem although they will permit the plant to carry on in operation. The corrosion engineer must be able to justify his proposed research or fundamental investigations into a corrosion process from a cost and time standpoint.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 15 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 September 1967

J.A. von Fraunhofer and G.A. Pickup

In the previous two articles the emphasis was on wet and electrochemical techniques, with particular reference to the potentiostat. The physical examination of corrosion products…

28

Abstract

In the previous two articles the emphasis was on wet and electrochemical techniques, with particular reference to the potentiostat. The physical examination of corrosion products is of equal importance, especially, for example, in the study of oxidation by dry gases at elevated temperatures where electrochemical studies are not normally feasible. In this article the application of physical techniques to corrosion studies will be discussed.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 14 no. 9
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 1970

J.A. von Fraunhofer and G.A. Pickup

THE variation in weight gains of the binary (and ternary) iron alloys with change in the atmosphere composition clearly demonstrates the sensitivity of oxidation behaviour to…

44

Abstract

THE variation in weight gains of the binary (and ternary) iron alloys with change in the atmosphere composition clearly demonstrates the sensitivity of oxidation behaviour to conditions. In particular it can be seen from Figs. 3 and 4 that the presence of atmospheric pollutants (sulphur and nitrogen oxides, water vapour) markedly increases the oxidation rate in air. This is supported by the further marked increase in oxidation in flue gases produced by the presence of sulphur oxides. Oxidation in flue gases at 700°C is far greater than in air, Figs. 7 and 10 and Table 3. This is due to the formation of wustite which was not present in air‐formed oxide scales.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 17 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 January 1971

N.R. Chapman

DISCUSSION The chromium coating thicknesses used in this work were comparable to those used commercially, being between 70 and 170 micrometres approximately. Even after oxidation…

28

Abstract

DISCUSSION The chromium coating thicknesses used in this work were comparable to those used commercially, being between 70 and 170 micrometres approximately. Even after oxidation for the temperatures and times stated the chromium concentrations at the metal‐oxide interface were between 20% and 60%. These concentrations fell steadily to approximately 13% over the approximate depth stated above before reducing sharply to zero at what was the ferrite‐austenite transformation boundary during the coating process. This is contrary to the structure observed in aluminized stainless steels where a complex structure is produced due to the existence of intermetallic phases. Hence during all the oxidation experiments performed the chromium level of the surface offered for oxidation was never below 13% and complete oxidative breakdown therefore did not occur, excluding spalling effects. Many workers have shown that the oxidation rate of iron‐chromium alloys initially drops sharply with increasing chromium but eventually reaches a minimum of about 20% chromium and then rises for more chromium rich alloys. From the graph of oxidation rate in pure oxygen against chromium content given by Mortimer et al., from 13% chromium to 100% chromium the oxidation rate increases by approximately 6 × 10−9 g.cm−2 sec.−1 It is reasonable to assume that for a diffusion coating the oxidation behaviour will be markedly affected by the composition at its outer surface layer and much less by the composition gradient. If oxidation was continued for sufficiently long periods the latter could affect the general availability of chromium ions for the oxidation process. Over the first 5?m the average chromium levels were between 63% and 20% for the chromised and chrome‐aluminized respectively. From the figures given by Mortimer et al the oxidation rate of the 63% chromium coating would be expected to be 0.5 × 10−9 g.cm−2 sec−1 greater than the 20% chromium coating on the chrome‐aluminized specimens at 600°C, on the basis of the chromium content alone. The results obtained here vary in this manner, hence it is reasonable to conclude that the general oxidation behaviour of the coatings will be very similar to that of pure iron‐chromium alloys containing the same chromium content as in the outer few micrometres of the respective coatings. Even though the true surface area is greater with diffusion treated specimens their oxidation rates are lower that for the corresponding pure alloys.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 18 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1970

J.A. von Fraunhofer and G.A. Pickup

THE oxidation behaviour of low binary iron alloys with aluminium, chromium and silicon in air has been discussed at length. Rather less work has been performed on the ternary…

70

Abstract

THE oxidation behaviour of low binary iron alloys with aluminium, chromium and silicon in air has been discussed at length. Rather less work has been performed on the ternary systems, Fe‐Cr‐Al and Fe‐Cr‐Si, and very little on Fe‐Al‐Si alloys.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 17 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1967

J.A. von Fraunhofer and G.A. Pickup

A general survey is made of the techniques currently employed in corrosion studies. The application of both physical‐chemical and physical techniques is discussed. The majority of…

18

Abstract

A general survey is made of the techniques currently employed in corrosion studies. The application of both physical‐chemical and physical techniques is discussed. The majority of the techniques described could be used at some time or other by any corrosion laboratory either directly or indirectly. It is only by making such a wide coverage that a detailed picture of a corrosion process can be understood and the significance of alloying and corroding media (be it gas or liquid) appreciated.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 14 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 1967

J.A. von Fraunhofer and G.A. Pickup

In view of the increasing use of the potentiostat, both as a research tool and for accelerated testing of materials, it is felt that a guide along the lines of ‘Have potentiostat…

26

Abstract

In view of the increasing use of the potentiostat, both as a research tool and for accelerated testing of materials, it is felt that a guide along the lines of ‘Have potentiostat, will corrode’ would be useful to both new workers in this field as well as to established corrosion engineers. The magnitude of the subject precludes a detailed discussion and therefore this article is intended to be an introduction rather than a critical appraisal. The current developments in potentiostatic techniques and instrumentation were recently discussed at a Corrosion and Protection Association symposium. (The present article is based on one of the papers.)

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 14 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 1970

N.R. Chapman, B. Micklethwaite and G.A. Pickup

Summary A study has been made of the oxidation of a range of chromized and chrome‐aluminized alloys in flowing air and flue gas atmospheres in the temperature range 500°C—900°C…

39

Abstract

Summary A study has been made of the oxidation of a range of chromized and chrome‐aluminized alloys in flowing air and flue gas atmospheres in the temperature range 500°C—900°C. Oxidation data for the full range of alloys are given but only chromized and chrome‐aluminized mild steel are covered in depth.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 17 no. 12
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Book part
Publication date: 25 February 2016

Sharon Marya Cilia Tortell

The purpose of this chapter is to determine the future trends in the retail payment market in Malta, and the manner in which the major stakeholders are set to respond to the…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this chapter is to determine the future trends in the retail payment market in Malta, and the manner in which the major stakeholders are set to respond to the potential that innovative technology within this area is unlocking. Stakeholders strive to keep abreast with developments within this ambit, in pursuit of implementing a proactive approach within their respective roles.

Methodology/approach

The objective of this study is achieved through a series of semi-structured interviews with the major stakeholders in the local retail payment market, mainly Financial Services Regulators, Supervisors and overseers as well as the Maltese Financial Services licence holders.

Findings

The evolution in the retail payment landscape witnessed in recent years exposes immeasurable challenges to Malta’s financial services sector and the economy at large. The conclusions derived from this research dovetail with the thorough literature review conducted, in exploring the manner in which such trends are envisaged to unfold within this sector. This study explores the legislative framework and regulatory regime, both current and proposed, which lay the foundations for the interplay between the respective stakeholders.

Originality/value

This study reveals the approach taken by the various stakeholders, as they each respond to such developments in the retail payment sphere. These are predominately driven by market forces endowed with a mix of opportunities, as each stakeholder strives to remain resilient towards future industry challenges. This research is conducive towards enhancing the much needed clarity and awareness in the local retail payment market, and promotes the use of innovative, secure and cost-efficient retail payment methods.

Details

Contemporary Issues in Bank Financial Management
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78635-000-8

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Article
Publication date: 1 July 1972

J.A. von Fraunhofer and E.H. Davies

When tooth substance has been lost either by decay or accidental trauma it should be restored aesthetically and functionally to maintain the patient's oral health. Restorative…

50

Abstract

When tooth substance has been lost either by decay or accidental trauma it should be restored aesthetically and functionally to maintain the patient's oral health. Restorative procedures involve removing caries (decayed tooth substance) of the hard outer enamel and softer inner dentine layer. This is achieved by means of burrs and other dental cutting instruments. The shape of the cavity produced must provide retention for the restorative material and prevent further weakening of the tooth leading to possible cuspal fractures. Materials in common use include porcelain, gold, silver‐tin amalgam and various polymers. The decision as to which material to use in any given situation depends on several factors:

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 1 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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