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Article
Publication date: 1 October 1964

G. HARRY MCLAUGHLIN and Gordon H. Wright

Librarians and teachers have essentially the same function—providing information. However, they cannot claim with Dr Johnson: ‘Sir, I have found you an argument; but I am not…

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Abstract

Librarians and teachers have essentially the same function—providing information. However, they cannot claim with Dr Johnson: ‘Sir, I have found you an argument; but I am not obliged to find you an understanding.’ Both librarian and teacher should present knowledge in such a way that the inquirer is able to comprehend it. One way is to guide the inquirer into working out ideas for himself. Such guidance involves presenting the information in a coherent sequence of easily assimilated steps, after each of which a question is posed to check that that step has been understood. This is what a good tutor does. This, too, is what Programmed Instruction does.

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Aslib Proceedings, vol. 16 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0001-253X

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Article
Publication date: 1 June 1963

G. Harry McLaughlin

BRITAIN'S NEWEST industry is now going full‐speed ahead — towards the rocks! Hardware manufacturers fight to sell teaching machines — many without programmes, and very few with…

63

Abstract

BRITAIN'S NEWEST industry is now going full‐speed ahead — towards the rocks! Hardware manufacturers fight to sell teaching machines — many without programmes, and very few with facilities for accepting other manufacturers' programmes. Publishing firms try to rush programmed books on to the market. Journals of all kinds print the same introductory survey of programmed instruction, though, admittedly, the authors sometimes vary. Every day more people become members of the Association for Programmed Learning (qualifications: an interest in the subject, and half a guinea a year). Anyone who has had anything to do with preparing programmes is deluged with calls for his expert advice.

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Education + Training, vol. 5 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0040-0912

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1964

The next Annual General Meeting of Aslib will be held at 12 noon on Wednesday 10th June 1964, at 3 Belgrave Square. Papers will be circulated in due course. It is intended to…

10

Abstract

The next Annual General Meeting of Aslib will be held at 12 noon on Wednesday 10th June 1964, at 3 Belgrave Square. Papers will be circulated in due course. It is intended to arrange a buffet luncheon after the meeting, and in the afternoon the working departments of Aslib headquarters will be open to visitors. A separate notice and application form for luncheon tickets is being circulated and the Director extends a warm invitation to all members to take this opportunity of meeting the staff and discussing their work with them.

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Aslib Proceedings, vol. 16 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0001-253X

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Article
Publication date: 10 February 2021

Bree Dority, Sarah J. Borchers and Suzanne K. Hayes

This study aims to investigate how the language used in US Title II equity crowdfunding campaign descriptions relates to campaign success.

382

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to investigate how the language used in US Title II equity crowdfunding campaign descriptions relates to campaign success.

Design/methodology/approach

Data on >3,200 equity offerings from 12 Title II platforms was obtained from 2013 to 2016. The aspects of the campaign descriptions that are focused on are tone and two measures of readability: information quantity – the amount of information available to the investor and information quality – the ease of understanding of the passage of text. Tobit regressions with sector-clustered standard errors are used for estimation while controlling for company-specific variables, market sentiment and platform, regional, sector and time effects. Results are robust to alternative estimation approaches.

Findings

Inverse U-shaped relationships exist between information quantity, information quality and tone and Title II equity crowdfunding campaign success. Overall, less is more as it appears that an intermediate level of information – quantity, quality and tone – is optimal in terms of being a factor that contributes to equity crowdfunding campaign success.

Originality/value

Extends the use of textual analysis to the equity crowdfunding environment in the USA where such analysis is lacking and provides empirical evidence that the language used (e.g. sentiment) in US Title II equity-based crowdfunding campaign descriptions does influence campaign success. It provides empirical evidence of and extends the concept of information overload to the entrepreneurial finance sub-field and indicates tone may be an additional information attribute to consider in this context as contributing to overload.

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Studies in Economics and Finance, vol. 38 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1086-7376

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Available. Open Access. Open Access
Article
Publication date: 5 July 2023

Javad Rajabalizadeh

While existing research explores the impact of audit market competition on audit fees and audit quality, there is limited investigation into how competition in the audit market…

2706

Abstract

Purpose

While existing research explores the impact of audit market competition on audit fees and audit quality, there is limited investigation into how competition in the audit market influences auditors' writing style. This study examines the relationship between audit market competition and the readability of audit reports in Iran, where competition is particularly intense, especially among private audit firms.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample comprises 1,050 firm-year observations in Iran from 2012 to 2018. Readability measures, including the Fog index, Flesch-Reading-Ease (FRE) and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), are employed to assess the readability of auditors' reports. The Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) is utilized to measure audit market competition, with lower index values indicating higher auditor competition. The concentration measure is multiplied by −1 to obtain the competition measure (AudComp). Alternative readability measures, such as the Flesch–Kincaid (FK) and Automated Readability Index (ARI) are used in additional robustness tests. Data on textual features of audit reports, auditor characteristics and other control variables are manually collected from annual reports of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE).

Findings

The regression analysis results indicate a significant and positive association between audit market competition and audit report readability. Furthermore, a stronger positive and significant association is observed among private audit firms, where competition is more intense compared to state audit firms. These findings remain robust when using alternative readability measures and other sensitivity checks. Additional analysis reveals that the positive effect of competition on audit report readability is more pronounced in situations where the auditor remains unchanged and the audit market size is small.

Originality/value

This paper expands the existing literature by examining the impact of audit market competition on audit report readability. It focuses on a unique audit market (Iran), where competition among audit firms is more intense than in developed countries due to the liberalization of the Iranian audit market in 2001 and the establishment of numerous private audit firms.

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Asian Review of Accounting, vol. 32 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1321-7348

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 2019

Dania Bilal and Li-Min Huang

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the readability and level of word complexity of search engine results pages (SERPs) snippets and associated web pages between Google and…

3528

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the readability and level of word complexity of search engine results pages (SERPs) snippets and associated web pages between Google and Bing.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors employed the Readability Test Tool to analyze the readability and word complexity of 3,000 SERPs snippets and 3,000 associated pages in Google and Bing retrieved on 150 search queries issued by middle school children.

Findings

A significant difference was found in the readability of SERPs snippets and associated web pages between Google and Bing. A significant difference was also observed in the number of complex words in snippets between the two engines but not in associated web pages. At the engine level, the readability of Google and Bing snippets was significantly higher than associated web pages. The readability of Google SERPs snippets was at a much higher level than those of Bing. The readability of snippets in both engines mismatched with the reading comprehension of children in grades 6–8.

Research limitations/implications

The data corpus may be small. Analysis relied on quantitative measures.

Practical implications

Practitioners and other mediators should mitigate the readability issue in SERPs snippets. Researchers should consider text readability and word complexity simultaneously with other factors to obtain the nuanced understanding of young users’ web information behaviors. Additional theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

Originality/value

This study measured the readability and the level of word complexity embedded in SERPs snippets and compared them to respective web pages in Google and Bing. Findings provide further evidence of the readability issue of SERPs snippets and the need to solve this issue through system design improvements.

Details

Aslib Journal of Information Management, vol. 71 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2050-3806

Keywords

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Book part
Publication date: 13 May 2017

Susan R. Warren

The impact of inclusion programs on children goes beyond the classroom. It reflects families’ and children’s experiences with school systems and communities. Inclusion is more…

Abstract

The impact of inclusion programs on children goes beyond the classroom. It reflects families’ and children’s experiences with school systems and communities. Inclusion is more than an issue of disability, a set of strategies, or a placement. It involves the need for all children to be a part of the classroom (Odom, Schwartz, & ECRII Investigators, 2002) and for their families to be a part of their educational experiences (Soodak & Erwin, 1995). The purpose of this chapter is to identify the barriers to and facilitators of inclusion in early childhood programs through listening to the voices of parents and analyzing effective inclusive practices in the literature. The chapter is organized around five themes derived from the voices of parents about their children with disabilities in preschool placements. These themes are then connected to the findings in the literature including the key characteristics of early childhood inclusion programs. The reader is encouraged to identify the barriers to and facilitators of inclusion that the parents share through their lived experiences for each theme as well as reflect on the ways in which schools can include and collaborate with parents to foster a partnership that supports all children.

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Working with Families for Inclusive Education
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78714-260-2

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Book part
Publication date: 9 November 2006

Jeffrey P. Bakken, Mary O’Brian and Debra L. Shelden

The standards movement, while new in the current NCLB iteration, has been a part of education for almost the last half century (Popham, 2001; Sirotnik, 2004). According to several…

Abstract

The standards movement, while new in the current NCLB iteration, has been a part of education for almost the last half century (Popham, 2001; Sirotnik, 2004). According to several researchers (e.g., DiPaola & Walther-Thomas, 2003; Fullan, 2001; Lashley & Boscardin, 2003; Marsh, 2000; Villa & Thousand, 2000), there have been significant changes in the roles that school leaders must fulfill to implement a standards-based educational accountability system. The requirements of NCLB will not be a “passing fad” and so will affect the manner in which special education administrators conduct their work (Hochschild, 2003). As it stands, districts and schools are viewed as an amalgam of complex relationships (Harry, Sturges, & Klinger, 2005) that come together as learning communities to meet accountability targets for all students. The requirements for building a learning community involve the skills of collaboration and empowerment of others. Apparently, developing productive partnerships will exceed the previously defined narrow interpretation of collaboration with families and other professionals (Crockett, 2002). Standards-based accountability practices which disaggregate data based on specific subgroups, one of which is students with disabilities, are a result of the concern that exclusion of students from testing distorts the efficacy of educational reform efforts (Heubert & Hauser, 1999; McDonnell, McLaughlin, & Morison, 1997; Schulte & Villwock, 2004). However, concerns have also been raised regarding the validity of conclusions drawn from large-scale accountability data (Schulte & Villwock, 2004; Ysseldyke & Bielinski, 2002). Hargreaves (2003) concluded that “the rightful pursuit of higher standards has generated into a counter productive obsession with soulless standardization” (p. 82).

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Current Perspectives in Special Education Administration
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-84950-438-6

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Book part
Publication date: 19 July 2024

Giuseppe Danese

Although adaptation to climate change is a well-researched topic at the individual level and in highly vulnerable industries, its integration into business strategies is poorly…

Abstract

Although adaptation to climate change is a well-researched topic at the individual level and in highly vulnerable industries, its integration into business strategies is poorly researched. In this chapter, we conduct bibliometric analyses on a sample of 368 relevant papers published in business journals to derive descriptive statistics and map the conceptual and intellectual structure of the field. We find an increased interest in adaptation and confirm a strong representation of industry-specific research. We complement the bibliometric analyses with a content analysis focused on emergent themes in the adaptation scholarship. We discuss systemic influences, individual effects, regulations and stakeholders, and exposure as areas likely to attract further scrutiny in future scholarship. For each theme, we derive practical implications for practitioners and policymakers.

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Sustainable and Resilient Global Practices: Advances in Responsiveness and Adaptation
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83797-612-6

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Book part
Publication date: 6 August 2020

Carwyn Jones, David Brown and Marc Harris

Purpose – The aim of this chapter is to share our thoughts and observations about some of the ethical issues that arise when researching sport-drinking cultures. In particular…

Abstract

Purpose – The aim of this chapter is to share our thoughts and observations about some of the ethical issues that arise when researching sport-drinking cultures. In particular, the chapter focuses on what researchers should do when they witness potentially harmful and risky drinking behaviour.

Approach – The chapter is written mainly from an ethics disciplinary background. We use philosophical methods to analyse, evaluate and interrogate certain claims, assumptions and judgements about moral action and inaction in the research context. We employ ethical concepts in general and research ethics concepts in particular to make and defend value judgements about what is reasonable or unreasonable, right or wrong, and good or bad in relation to witnessing risky and harmful behaviour.

Findings – The chapter argues that in some situations there are good and perhaps compelling moral reasons for researchers to take action when they observe certain problematic drinking behaviour. Researchers who fail to notice and/or act may be morally blameworthy and culpable in other ways, e.g. in breach of contract or code of conduct.

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Sport, Alcohol and Social Inquiry
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78769-842-0

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