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The purpose of this paper is to present three-dimensional (3D) printing of structures with a new method called selective laser baking (SLB) of Poly Dimethyl Siloxane (PDMS).

A 3D model is designed on the computer. PDMS Base is mixed with its hardener and poured into a container. Before it is hardened which normally occures after several hours, a CO₂ laser selectively exposes different areas on the surface of the PDMS mixture according to the pattern of a slice of a 3D model designed on the computer. Because of the thermal effect of the CO2 laser, once exposed, PDMS heats up and hardens, producing a cured layer of PDMS which is attached to a base. The base with the cured layer is lowered in the container for a short distance and a layer of new uncured PDMS is spread over the previous layer. The laser exposes new areas again and hardens them. This process is repeated until the whole structure is fabricated.

The parameters involved in the baking process are investigated and the relation between temperature, mixing portion and laser irradiance on the curing time and layer thickness are investigated.

This fabrication technique is a unique fabrication method that helps to 3D print with two base polymers which their polymerization can be boosted by heat. This 3D printing method has not been presented earlier.

While science has researched the impact of air pollution on human health, the economic dimension of it has been less researched so far. Renewable energy consumption is an important factor in determining the level of life expectancy and reducing health expenditure. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact of renewable energy, carbon emissions, health expenditure and urbanization on life expectancy in G-7 countries over the period of 2000–2019.

This study has adopted a novel Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR). Furthermore, as a robustness check for MMQR, the fully modified ordinary least square, dynamic ordinary least squares and fixed effect ordinary least square estimators have been used.

The results indicated that renewable energy consumption, health expenditure and urbanization lead to an increase in life expectancy across all quantiles (5th to 95th), whereas higher carbon dioxide emissions reduce life expectancy at birth across all the quantiles (5th to 95th).

The empirical findings conclude that governments should recognize their potential in renewable energy sources and devise policies such as tax-related regulations, or relevant incentives to encourage further investments in this field.

This paper in comparison to the other research studies used MMQR to investigate the impact of factors affecting life expectancy. Also, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, so far no study has investigated the impact of renewable energy on life expectancy in G-7 countries.

This paper aims to study the deposition of ZrO₂ on 316L stainless steel surface using cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition (CPED) technique in potassium hexafluorozirconate (K₂ZrF₆) electrolyte solution to promote its corrosion and tribological properties.

Plasma electrolytic oxidizing (PEO) technique is commonly used to form zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) on various substrates. But, in this paper, cathodic type of this technique (CPED) was used.

Composition of the surface layer was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the formation of ZrO₂ on the substrate was confirmed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the unique morphology of the surface layer. The corrosion resistance of the coated surface was investigated by electrochemical methods involving cyclic voltammetery in Ringer’s solution. The treated sample showed a better pitting resistance. Pin-on-disk wear tests revealed that the friction coefficient of the coated sample is lower than that of the substrate. Also, it was shown that hardness and roughness of the coated sample increased after plasma electrolytic treatment.

This paper considers the CPED of ZrO₂ coating on 316L stainless steel. Some recent research works with ZrO₂ coating have been prepared by PEO. There is limited or no record on the study of ZrO₂ coatings by CPED process. In this study, the effort has been made to prepare a zirconia (ZrO₂) coating on the stainless steel substrate through cathodic plasma electrolytic process under 200 V. Due to the excellent wear resistance, ZrO₂ may be used as a high resistant and protective coating on stainless steels, which are widely used in industries and biomedical applications.

Health is a human right and a fundamental building block of sustainable development, economic prosperity and poverty reduction. To realize people’s right to health, evaluating the situation of the right and its determinants is necessary. This paper aims to analyze Iran’s conduct in realizing its population’s right to health.

A qualitative case study design involving a structured review of relevant laws, policy documents, reports and academic literature was undertaken. The data were collected from electronic databases and the official Web pages of the United Nations (UN) and Iran’s Government and analyzed by a framework suggested by the UN.

Iran’s law and policies intend to combat health inequalities and to provide an adequate standard of living for everyone, particularly disadvantaged groups and individuals. However, not all laws and policies protecting disadvantaged groups are adequately implemented. There are disparities in health status and access to health care among different socio-economic groups. International economic sanctions and government policies decreased people’s ability to access the necessities of life including health care. Moreover, social determinants of health, such as cultural beliefs regarding women’s rights have not been addressed sufficiently in the country’s laws.

This study includes a broad range of subjects and provides an overview of the health-care system of Iran. However, more detail is needed to describe every aspect of the right to health. It was not feasible to address them all in this paper and needs more research. In addition, as with the majority of qualitative studies, the design of the current study is subject to limitations. Firstly, the research quality of narrative reviews is dependent on the researcher’ skills and more easily can be influenced by his/her personal biases. Second, the rigor is more difficult to maintain, assess and demonstrate. Nevertheless, narrative studies often complement quantitative studies and are informative.

To fulfill the right to health, Iran should improve affordability and quality of care and the situation of the determinants of health. The gaps in people’s access to health care need to be identified, and all necessary means and scarce resources be allocated to remove access barriers and to improve the situation of disadvantaged people. The adoption of relatively low-cost targeted programs, the proper management of resources and the prevention of unnecessary costs are suggested.

The study's main objective is to evaluate the morphological developments in the characteristics of the spatial configurations of the residential layouts in Kerman, Iran, in examining the impact on the level of visual privacy through the spectrum of permeability and wayfinding in space syntax analysis.

In this paper, plan graph analysis is used to measure the syntactic properties of seven topological residential architecture plans in Kerman, Iran, built from the 1970s to 2010s. The methodology involves the development of mathematical measurements to signify permeability and simulation of visibility graph analysis (VGA) to indicate wayfinding.

The findings reveal the residential layouts of Iranian houses tend to be less integrated over decades of design development from the 1970s to 2010s. Reduction in spatial integration corresponds to increase segregation allowing for enhanced visual privacy. The study underpins that, even with the constraints in the scale of the house and reduction in the number of nodes, as evident in the design of the modern residential layout, the efficient level of visual privacy is still achievable with regards to the standards demanded by the local culture.

The study examines the development in residential spatial configuration and building scale on visual privacy through a proposed methodology based on the level of permeability and wayfinding measured as a combined effect using the space syntax analysis and visual accessibility.

This paper explores the direct and indirect effects of family emotional, social and organizational support on Innovative Work Behavior (IWB) through psychological capital (Psy.Cap).

Selected by conducting stratified random sampling techniques, 397 employees completed a questionnaire. We used structural equation modeling and multi-group testing by Smart-PLS3 to analyze the data.

Findings reveal that all sources of social-emotional support, including family, supervisor and co-worker support, positively affect Psy.Cap. Moreover, Psy.Cap mediates the effect of family, co-workers and supervisors' emotional support on IWB. The multi-group analysis indicates that all relationships in the model are significant for both groups of males and females; however, there are no significant differences in the link between organizational support and psychological capital, as well as family and co-worker support and innovative work behavior between males and females. The study's results demonstrate the significantly higher impact of family emotional support – Psy.Cap and supervisor support on IWB amongst females compared to their male counterparts.

The implications of this research highlight the importance of considering affective factors on employees’ IWB, as well as the differences between genders in this regard.

Aggressive behaviors are common among students. Given the importance of education in reducing aggressive behavior, this study aims to examine the influence of a theory of planned behavior (TPB)-based educational intervention on aggression-preventive behaviors in fifth-grade male students in Fasa city, Iran.

A total of 120 male students were randomly picked from several public schools in Fasa city, Iran, between 2018 and 2019. Assessments were completed before and three months after the intervention. Intervention consisted of eight 55–60-min training sessions based on the TPB’s processes and constructs.

Prior to the educational intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention to stop aggressiveness or to engage in aggression-preventive activities. However, three months following the intervention, the experimental group demonstrated a considerable rise in the aforementioned constructs (p > 0.001 in all cases).

The study’s findings demonstrated the efficacy of a TPB-based educational intervention on constructs of the TPB theory. Results suggest application of a TPB-based educational intervention can have a pro-social impact on the attitudes and behavior of elementary age boys.

To respect the patients’ physical privacy, they should be provided with proper clothing that prevents the exposure of unnecessary parts of the body. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate patient satisfaction upon wearing customized, high-coverage, procedure-specific dresses.

New designs of clothing adapted for different kinds of procedures, and offering a good coverage of the body and easy access to the required parts were compared with regular patient clothing. Patients from six different wards of a university hospital filled out a questionnaire inquiring about general and demographic variables, and patient satisfaction was evaluated based on six main features of the clothing design. p<0.005 was considered as the level of statistical significance.

Overall, 256 patients were entered into the regular-design and new-design groups (n=128 in each). In Group 1 (regular design), the rate of dissatisfaction was about 98, 84, 84, 78, 77 and 38 percent for ease of wearing, comfort, design, material, coverage level and size, respectively. In Group 2 (new design), the highest satisfaction rates were associated with ease of wearing, size, coverage level, material, design and comfort as 93.7, 91.4, 89.9, 87.1, 86, and 80.5 percent, respectively.

The present study is the first to investigate customized patient clothing and demonstrated that these clothes can improve the patients’ satisfaction in terms of coverage, comfort, design and size.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the fit between process standardization and international management strategy of multinational corporations (MNCs) by assessing the compatibility between process standardization and corporate structural characteristics in terms of asset configuration and headquarters-subsidiary relationships.

First, after a literature review on MNCs’ strategy and process standardization, the study suggests two propositions on the fit between corporate international management strategy and process standardization. Second, to empirically examine the propositions, the study investigates the outcome of process standardization in three cases with different strategic and structural contexts. Third, using the propositions and empirical findings, the study proposes a framework for aligning process standardization with MNCs’ structural characteristics.

Process standardization has a higher degree of fit in MNCs pursuing global integration where process standardization parallels the need for coordinating interdependencies in the functional structure, and is consistent with the headquarters’ operational control over the subsidiaries. Process standardization has a lower degree of fit in MNCs seeking local responsiveness as process standardization disturbs the financial control relationship between the headquarters and subsidiaries and is less crucial for coordination as the subsidiaries contain the necessary coordination mechanisms.

The study provides in-depth understanding of how the international management strategy and consequent structural characteristics of MNCs affects process standardization in the course of a global enterprise resource planning implementation. The study proposes conditions of fit for aligning process standardization with asset configuration and headquarters-subsidiary relationships of an MNC.

This study aims to examine the possibility that housing satisfaction mediates the relationship between fulfilled preference and a sense of attachment to place.

A 15‐item questionnaire was administrated to 751 students residing in residence halls at a public university in Malaysia. The respondents were asked to choose their answer from a four‐point Likert scale that was constructed as follows: not at all; very little; mostly; and very much.

The results of the survey revealed that housing satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between fulfilled preferences and sense of attachment to place. These results highlight the importance of students' fulfilled preferences. It reveals that the more students' preferences regarding residence hall were fulfilled, the more they were satisfied with their residence hall and felt attached to it.

The findings of this study emphasise the importance of understanding students' residence hall needs and fulfilling their desire. These findings also emphasize that university students must not be viewed merely as temporary residents who stay in residence halls for just a few years.