J. Yin, P. Pilidis, K.W. Ramsden and S.D. Probert
The requirements imposed upon advanced short take‐off and vertical landing (ASTOVL) aircraft give rise to challenging demands on their propulsion systems. One possible approach is…
Abstract
The requirements imposed upon advanced short take‐off and vertical landing (ASTOVL) aircraft give rise to challenging demands on their propulsion systems. One possible approach is to have a high‐performance turbofan of traditional design and an additional, but separate, fan to provide a major part of the lift during the take‐off and landing manoeuvres. For such a design, there are several quite‐different choices of layout for providing the power to drive the remote fan by means of the core engine. These include shaft‐driven and bleed‐driven options. The choice will depend on the anatomy and required thermodynamic‐performance of the whole system. In this paper, several pertinent alternative engine‐designs are discussed. Four of these, based on a high‐performance low‐bypass‐ratio core engine, are studied in detail and their behaviours compared. Prima facie, the preferred choice is the engine with the shaft‐driven fan. A slightly less acceptable choice is the high‐pressure turbine exit‐bleed driven remote‐fan.
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The purpose of this paper is to introduce parametered modeling technology for the civil aircraft engine fan blade, to design the fan blade rapidly and accurately.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce parametered modeling technology for the civil aircraft engine fan blade, to design the fan blade rapidly and accurately.
Design/methodology/approach
The entire fan blade consists of three crucial parts: blade airfoil, tenon and airfoil root. Blade airfoil with a free surface feature is formed through the blade profiles from the hub to tip in the radial direction. The non‐uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) is utilized to describe the blade profile. The geometry model of fan blade tenon is generated by extruding the sketch of the tenon. And the fillet section is designed to achieve the smooth transition of the up surface and the bottom surface of the blade root. Furthermore, the fan blade of a typical commercial engine is redesigned by the above method.
Findings
The stress analysis of the fan blade shows that the fan blade model designed in this work is reasonable.
Originality/value
The parametered fan blade model is presented on the basics of feature‐based modeling technology.
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S. Askari and M.H. Shojaeefard
The purpose of this paper is to show how flow over the airfoil comprising a cross flow fan has been solved by developing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. This research…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to show how flow over the airfoil comprising a cross flow fan has been solved by developing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. This research was going to find aerodynamic coefficients and static pressure distribution over the airfoil surfaces. The eccentric vortex motion observed earlier by other researchers in cross flow fan has been studied by numerical method. Also, the airfoil trailing vortex size variation by free stream and fan rotational speed has been surveyed.
Design/methodology/approach
Flow over the airfoil has been investigated by CFD. At the airfoil solid walls no slip condition (zero velocity) was applied. Re‐normalization group k‐ε model was used for turbulence modeling. The pressure‐velocity coupling was calculated by the SIMPLEC algorithm. Second‐order upwind discretization was considered for the convection terms. Finite volume method with rectangular computational cells was used for whole the solution domain.
Findings
CFD predicted lift force was in good agreement with experimental data with the error of 8.26 percent, while the error of thrust prediction was 14.17 percent. Both errors are generally acceptable for an engineering application. Some key flow features observed previously by experiments has also been reproduced by simulation, notably motion of the eccentric and trailing vortices. At low‐fan rotational speed, the eccentric vortex formed below the shaft of the fan but at high‐rotational speed, eccentric vortex came up and moved toward the airfoil leading edge. It was shown that increasing free stream velocity or decreasing fan rotational speed leads to a larger trailing vortex and vice versa. It was showed that the airfoil lift and thrust are highly depended on the fan rotational speed. These forces will increase by enhancing the fan rotational speed.
Research limitations/implications
Because of complicated geometry of the airfoil, 2D analysis of the flow over the airfoil has been carried out. This simplification leads to higher discrepancies between experimental data and numerical solution.
Practical implications
This paper provides a detailed study of the Fanwing airfoil. This airfoil is very new and researches in this area are very limited. So, this paper can be helpful for other researches involved in this topic as well as aerospace industries.
Originality/value
This paper is valuable for researchers in the new and up‐to‐date concept of the airfoil comprising a cross flow fan (Fanwing airfoil). This work is original.
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Alfredo David Varea Calero, José M. Ramírez-Hurtado, Francisco Rejón-Guardia and Juan M. Berbel-Pineda
This study aims to analyse the influence of football fans' involvement on sponsor brand equity and their purchase intention toward the sponsoring brand. To achieve this, we…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to analyse the influence of football fans' involvement on sponsor brand equity and their purchase intention toward the sponsoring brand. To achieve this, we specified a structural model examining the relationships between engagement, brand equity and fans’ purchase intentions.
Design/methodology/approach
The data for this study were collected using a structured questionnaire. Three football teams from the city of Quito (Ecuador) that compete in the first division of Ecuadorian professional football were considered. For data collection, both personal interviews and a web link were used. The personal interviews were carried out directly with the fans of the three teams in the vicinity of the stadiums, prior to matches of the Ecuadorian League.
Findings
The study concluded that a greater involvement of fans with a football club positively influences both the valuation of the sponsoring brand and the intention to purchase the product and/or service of the sponsoring brand.
Practical implications
This work contributes to the literature on brand equity. On the one hand, from the companies’ perspective, it is important for brand managers to realise that football fans constitute an especially significant section of the public to strengthen the brand and even to buy the products of the sponsoring brand. On the other hand, from the point of view of the clubs, it should be borne in mind that the involvement of the fans with the clubs constitutes a major factor in strengthening the sponsoring brands.
Originality/value
Most of the research in the literature has studied purchase intention towards the club brand but not towards the sponsoring brand. The research, which is applied to the football industry, conceptually extends the customer-based brand equity (CBBE) model by including the perspective of football fans’ involvement with their clubs.
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Dachen Sheng and Heather A. Montgomery
This study discovers the perceptions and preferences of Chinese fans of the European major football leagues. China has a large potential sports consumption market, and football…
Abstract
Purpose
This study discovers the perceptions and preferences of Chinese fans of the European major football leagues. China has a large potential sports consumption market, and football has the largest number of fans among all the sports in China. Knowing the needs of foreign fans would help the leagues to decide the most efficient and competitive strategies.
Design/methodology/approach
The research involves quantitative methods and analysis to show the Chinese fans’ attraction to different football leagues in Europe. The principal component analysis (PCA) is used to extract important factors of the survey data, and the multiple regression, ordinary least square (OLS) method is used to understand the contribution of different factors to the fan size. The outcomes of different performances of the leagues are compared to further evaluate the different strategies.
Findings
The results of the analysis show that Chinese fans tend to support clubs that offer more competitive matches. The market value of the club’s players is used as a mediating proxy indicator to evaluate the club’s competitiveness. Leagues with higher uncertainty around championship wins attract more followers. The findings suggest that league balance, champion–winner uncertainty and club competitiveness attract a larger fan base and raise league market value, both important factors in creating financially sustainable football leagues with robust product lifecycles. Fans prefer balanced leagues to monopolistic clubs.
Originality/value
Unlike most past football research involving quantitative analysis, this research uses quantitative analysis to discover the relationships between the sports factors and the fans' size. The empirical evidence could deliver more objective and robust results. The research further discusses and extends the importance of a balanced football league from the sports and league management aspects to the economics level.
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This study aimed to examine the impact of cognitive engagement on eFANgelism through the mediating role of sports team love.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to examine the impact of cognitive engagement on eFANgelism through the mediating role of sports team love.
Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual model was designed to formulate hypotheses, which were then tested quantitatively through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Data for testing the model were collected from 313 sports fans of Young Africans Sports Club and Simba Sports Club in Dodoma City, Tanzania.
Findings
The study revealed that elevated levels of cognitive attention and absorption inspire sports fans to cultivate a strong passion and commitment to their team. In turn, these highly passionate and dedicated fans are motivated to express their loyalty through evangelistic behavior.
Originality/value
By contributing to the extension of brand evangelism into sports industry, this paper highlights the pivotal role of cognitive engagement in encouraging sports fans toward eFANgelism. This study is one of the few scholarly efforts to shed light on the mechanisms that can inspire fans to exhibit evangelistic behavior.
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Rayenda Khresna Brahmana and Maria Kontesa
This research aims to examine how financial literacy moderates the mediation of attitude toward virtual influencers’ non-fungible tokens (NFTs) or ATB on the relationship between…
Abstract
Purpose
This research aims to examine how financial literacy moderates the mediation of attitude toward virtual influencers’ non-fungible tokens (NFTs) or ATB on the relationship between purchase intention and self-congruity, which includes symbolic representation, self-image congruence and emotional value. Initially, we investigated the mediation effect of ATB on the relationship between self-congruity and purchase intention. Subsequently, we analyze how financial literacy moderates this mediation process.
Design/methodology/approach
The study employed a sample of 383 virtual influencers’ fans and applied a partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) along with robustness tests to test the research hypothesis. The analysis is based on the moderated mediation framework.
Findings
The findings are intriguing for several reasons. First, it reveals that only self-image congruence positively affects purchase intention, contrary to existing self-congruity theory literature. The relationship between self-image congruence and purchase intention is a direct relationship with no mediation effect of ATB. Second, ATB fails to mediate the self-congruity effect on purchase intention. Third, financial literacy has a negative relationship with purchase intention, indicating that fans of virtual influencers with higher financial literacy are less likely to purchase virtual influencers’ NFTs due to more critical investment evaluations. We also argue that financial literacy discards the consumption behavior effect from self-congruity variables on purchase intention.
Research limitations/implications
The study contributes to the literature by emphasizing the significance of financial literacy on purchase intention under the self-congruity framework. It also surmises that self-image congruence does matter for the purchase intention of a virtual influencer’s NFT. However, further research could validate findings by studying broader NFT investors, incorporating fandom and impulse buying variables and examining actual NFT purchases against planned behavior.
Practical implications
This research is crucial for virtual influencers’ NFT creators, marketers and fans by providing insights for evaluating virtual influencers’ creators’ decision to pursue NFT markets. The findings reveal that the creators of virtual influencers should reconsider pursuing the NFT market, as self-congruity may not be a driving factor. Notably, our findings imply that a virtual influencer’s NFT is significantly different from a virtual influencer's merchandising business.
Originality/value
The originality of this study lies in extending the self-congruity within the NFT context, investigating how financial literacy moderates the mediation of ATB on the self-congruity-purchase intention relationship. It challenges self-congruity theory by showing that despite fans feeling aligned with virtual influencers, high financial literacy reduces the congruence.
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Matthias Anderski, Pascal Stegmann, Geoff Dickson and Tim Ströbel
This study investigates the role of athlete brands for the international marketing of professional sports leagues by examining how athlete brands contribute to initiatives of…
Abstract
Purpose
This study investigates the role of athlete brands for the international marketing of professional sports leagues by examining how athlete brands contribute to initiatives of football leagues.
Design/methodology/approach
Through a single case study of the German Bundesliga underpinned by 17 semi-structured interviews with league, club and media executives, we identify specific brand co-creation opportunities of athlete brands and the sports league brand.
Findings
Our findings reveal that athlete brands play a significant role in enhancing league visibility, engaging global audiences and unlocking new markets. Moreover, we identify specific opportunities for co-creating league brand meaning through strategic partnerships and athlete endorsements.
Originality/value
This research contributes to the literature by highlighting the importance of athlete brands in sports league marketing and offering insights for practitioners on innovative marketing strategies. Using a multi-actor perspective, this study provides valuable insights by revealing how sports leagues can pursue innovative marketing strategies by considering the role of athlete brands, thereby offering new ways for fans and sponsors to engage with the sports league.
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Timothy Kellison, Brian P. McCullough, Beth A. Cianfrone and Jamee A. Pelcher
Sport has emerged as a powerful platform for promoting environmental awareness and action. Major collegiate and professional teams have implemented sustainability strategies…
Abstract
Purpose
Sport has emerged as a powerful platform for promoting environmental awareness and action. Major collegiate and professional teams have implemented sustainability strategies, although some have hesitated to promote them out of concern for political polarization and fan alienation. This study aimed to examine differences in environmental attitudes among fans of two professional sport organizations competing in the same venue but in different sports.
Design/methodology/approach
Survey data were collected from 2,652 season ticket holders of the two organizations. The survey included measures of environmental awareness, perceived behavioral control, ascriptions of responsibility, awareness of team initiatives and green team fandom. Participants’ environmentalist status (active, passive or non-environmentalist) was also assessed. Analysis of variance was used to examine differences in environmental attitudes based on sport affiliation and environmentalist status.
Findings
Significant but small differences in environmental awareness and awareness of team initiatives based on sport affiliation were found. However, environmentalist status had a significant effect on environmental awareness, perceived behavioral control, ascriptions of responsibility and green team fandom, with active environmentalists scoring highest, followed by passive environmentalists and non-environmentalists. Surprisingly, fans’ environmentalist status did not significantly impact their awareness of team sustainability initiatives. Non-environmentalists, a substantial portion of the sample, did not express particularly negative attitudes toward sustainability.
Originality/value
This study extends previous research by examining fan attitudes toward environmental sustainability. It challenges the assumption that promoting sustainability initiatives may alienate fans, particularly non-environmentalists, and highlights the potential for sport organizations to leverage their unifying power to promote environmental action among diverse fanbases.
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Yonghwan Chang, Aaron C. Mansfield and Taewoong Yoo
This study investigates the intersection between nutrition and sport management, focusing on how sport fans' dietary choices are influenced by the framing of food attributes in…
Abstract
Purpose
This study investigates the intersection between nutrition and sport management, focusing on how sport fans' dietary choices are influenced by the framing of food attributes in different game contexts.
Design/methodology/approach
Two experiments were conducted around American football events to examine these choices. Experiment 1 utilized a 2 (Perceptions of Rivalry Games: Rivalry vs. Non-Rivalry) × 3 (Perceived Food Attributes: Energy vs. Healthiness vs. Environmental-Friendliness) between-subjects design. Experiment 2 employed a 2 (Game Outcome: Victory vs. Loss) × 3 (Perceived Food Attributes: Energy vs. Healthiness vs. Environmental-Friendliness) between-subjects design.
Findings
The findings revealed that during rivalry games or after their favorite teams' losses, fans tend to prefer high-calorie, nutrient-poor foods framed as energy sources. Conversely, victories prompt fans to opt for healthier and more environmentally friendly food choices.
Originality/value
This research provides novel insights into how a performance-driven mindset influences dietary choices among sport spectators. The results offer practical implications for sport managers and marketers, emphasizing the importance of strategically framing food attributes at sporting events to encourage healthier eating behaviors among fans. By leveraging these insights, sport organizations can enhance fan experiences and promote overall well-being.