The very first convention adopted by the ILO at its Washington Conference in 1919 concerned hours of work. It set the goal of a 48‐hour week.
THAT, TO BE SURE, was the cry of the lookout man on the old style whaler before the days when those creatures were found to be an endangered species and steps taken…
Abstract
THAT, TO BE SURE, was the cry of the lookout man on the old style whaler before the days when those creatures were found to be an endangered species and steps taken internationally to safeguard them. It was the cry when the harpoon was sharpened and got ready to fire into the soft body of the victim.
IN A RECENT issue of New Scientist a letter was from a graduate (or should it be graduette, for she was a girl) who said she was writing on behalf of many unemployed graduates;…
Abstract
IN A RECENT issue of New Scientist a letter was from a graduate (or should it be graduette, for she was a girl) who said she was writing on behalf of many unemployed graduates; and she posed a ‘Catch 22’ query. What she wanted to know how anyone could obtain the experience needed to gain a job if no one will give such a person a job to get the experience?
Informal street vending is traditionally widespread and studied concerning developing countries. Nevertheless, recently, interest in the study of this practice has also increased…
Abstract
Purpose
Informal street vending is traditionally widespread and studied concerning developing countries. Nevertheless, recently, interest in the study of this practice has also increased regarding specific developed countries. The aim of the article is to contribute to overcoming the tendency to investigate this informal economy sector with different analytical lenses between the global South and global North and to highlight the usefulness of analyzing the phenomenon from a comparative perspective.
Design/methodology/approach
Therefore, the article represents a comparative review of the existing literature on informal street vending considering both the global South and global North.
Findings
The analysis revealed similarities and differences in the characteristics the phenomenon assumes in the two areas of the world while at the same time, showing how there are aspects mainly explored in the literature of southern countries and little explored in the literature of northern countries and vice-versa.
Research limitations/implications
This analytical attempt allows us to highlight any gaps present in the literature, which may represent the basis for future comparative research on the topic. Comparative research will improve both theoretical and empirical knowledge of the phenomenon.
Originality/value
On the one hand, the article represents an innovative literature review attempt, as it explicitly compares the street vending between developing and developed countries. On the other hand, it represents the first academic contribution to review street vending in the global North.
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To determine how the correlational structure of emotion differs for individuals age 60 and above, compared to those under age 60, and to discuss the profound implications these…
Abstract
Purpose
To determine how the correlational structure of emotion differs for individuals age 60 and above, compared to those under age 60, and to discuss the profound implications these differences may have for the experience and management of emotion.
Design/methodology/approach
Structural equation modeling and shortest path analysis of emotion items from the General Social Survey (GSS)’s (1996) emotions module.
Findings
Some positive and negative emotion pairs are more distant for individuals over age 60, while others are in fact closer. This variability leads to differences in available shortest paths between emotions, especially when emotional transitions require segueing through intermediary feelings. The segueing emotions most readily available to those over 60 are limited to the poles of affective meaning, whereas those used by ones under age 60 are more variable. The majority of negative emotions are more tightly correlated, whereas the majority of positive emotions are less so, among those over age 60.
Research limitations/implications
Although the measures are limited to 18 of the 19 emotions recorded by the GSS, and are based on self-report data regarding feelings felt over a period of seven days, these results suggest that attempts at intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion management may differ depending up the age of the actor/object.
Originality/value
Addresses the need for more nuanced analyses of emotional experience that goes moves beyond simple frequencies. Also suggests potential bridges between sociological and psychological approaches to the study of emotion.
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Kateryna V. Ligon, Kevin B. Stoltz, R. Kevin Rowell and Vance Johnson Lewis
The basis of this study is Kelley’s (1992) two-dimensional model, which measures five follower types. Previous investigations did not support the validity of Kelley’s model…
Abstract
The basis of this study is Kelley’s (1992) two-dimensional model, which measures five follower types. Previous investigations did not support the validity of Kelley’s model. Although the model is utilized in research, the validity and reliability of the Kelley Followership Questionnaire (KFQ) is still in question. In this study, the KFQ validity was tested after revision of the instrument. Factor analysis revealed a three-factor model disputing the theorized two-factor model. Factors of the KFQ-R convergent validity were supported by significant correlations with critical thinking disposition and work engagement scales. This research project is intended to promote the study of the followership construct.
This paper examines the labor policies of the United Typothetae of America (UTA) from its birth in 1887 through the late 1920s and argues that labor policy differences among its…
Abstract
This paper examines the labor policies of the United Typothetae of America (UTA) from its birth in 1887 through the late 1920s and argues that labor policy differences among its members (personified by two prominent New York City-based printing employers, Theodore DeVinne and Charles Francis) created a “house divided” that not only prevented it from creating and maintaining a unified labor policy but also ultimately led to its demise as an employers' association and reconstitution primarily as a trade association. It will do so by analyzing key episodes in the UTA's labor history to show how the two competing labor philosophies – DeVinne's absolute authority & independence and Francis's stability & order – interacted with industry conditions – intense price competition, a decentralized industry structure, proprietor autonomy, the relative power of unions, and economic conditions – to impact the UTA's labor policies and its institutional survival. The UTA's experience reveals the diversity of American employers' experiences as well as the challenges that they have faced when attempting to act collectively in the industrial relations arena. Moreover, recent IR research on employers' associations around the world also reveals that, as unions have declined in power, many also are shifting their focus away from labor relations to other member services.
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This paper investigates the effect of political uncertainty on the decision to cross-list in the United States (US).
Abstract
Purpose
This paper investigates the effect of political uncertainty on the decision to cross-list in the United States (US).
Design/methodology/approach
To reach our paper aim, we use a sample of 589 non-US firms cross-listed in the US for the period from 2000 to 2019. We perform logit regression and use several political uncertainty proxies, including US election presidential years, political voting margin and the political uncertainty index from Baker et al. (2002), as a continuous measure of general political condition (Francis et al., 2021).
Findings
We find the following results. Non-US firms are less likely to cross-list their shares when US political uncertainty is high. We also find that the decision to cross-list is driven by price informativeness as a channel that can explain the role of political uncertainty. Our results are robust to the endogeneity concern. In addition, we find that political administration (Democrats vs Republicans) significantly affects the decision to cross-list. More particularly, we show that firms are more likely to cross-list their shares in the US when Democrats win the elections. Moreover, we find that cross-listed firms exhibit lower valuation compared to their non-cross-listed peers when US political uncertainty is high.
Originality/value
Using a unified framework of non-US firms cross-listed in the US, this paper contributes to different strands of the literature. Our first main contribution adds to the literature on cross-listing by providing, in our knowledge, the first evidence regarding the relation between cross-listing and political uncertainty. We add to the existing literature by showing that US political uncertainty significantly determines the decision to cross-list and value creation for cross-listed firms. Whether and how managers alter their strategic decision behavior in such settings is less clear. Hence, our paper contributes to the literature by documenting how political uncertainty impacts cross-listing decision and shapes management guidance decisions. Second, this study joins a growing body of literature that examines the real impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on economic outcomes. We provide empirical evidence suggesting that cross-listed firms exhibit lower valuation during period of high political uncertainty due to decreased price informativeness.
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There has been a long debate, with an extensive literature, over the control of the firm: who controls it, and how, and what implications does this have for managerial objectives…
Abstract
There has been a long debate, with an extensive literature, over the control of the firm: who controls it, and how, and what implications does this have for managerial objectives and performance? It is not too simplistic to describe the argument for the most part as between those who see control by shareholders predominating, with the consequence that profit maximisation is the objective, and those who stress control by managers, leading to some other objective being followed — there being many and various alternatives canvassed (e.g. Marris, 1964; Leibenstein, 1966). In recent years, the partisans of shareholder control have been stressing the scope for it even where there was no single holding, or group of holdings, even approaching a majority of the shares. (For the US, see, among others, the Patman Report (1968) and Mintz et al. (1985); for the UK, see Francis (1980a), and Nyman and Silberston (1978)).