The final report of the Butter Regulations Committee has now been published and it is earnestly to be hoped that Regulations based on the Committee's Recommendations will at once…
Abstract
The final report of the Butter Regulations Committee has now been published and it is earnestly to be hoped that Regulations based on the Committee's Recommendations will at once be framed and issued by the Board of Agriculture. It will be remembered that in an Interim Report the Committee recommended the adoption of a limit of 16 per cent. for the proportion of water in butter, and that, acting on this recommendation, the Board of Agriculture drew up and issued the “Sale of Butter Regulations, 1902,” under the powers conferred on the Board by Section 4 of the Food Act of 1899. In the present Report the Committee deal with the other matters referred to them, namely, as to what Regulations, if any, might with advantage be made for determining what deficiency in any of the normal constituents of butter, or what addition of extraneous matter other than water, should raise a presumption until the contrary is proved that the butter is not “genuine.” The Committee are to be congratulated on the result of their labours—labours which have obviously been both arduous and lengthy. The questions which have had to be dealt with are intricate and difficult, and they are, moreover, of a highly technical nature. The Committee have evidently worked with the earnest desire to arrive at conclusions which, when applied, would afford as great a measure of protection—as it is possible to give by means of legislative enactments—to the consumer and to the honest producer. The thorough investigation which has been made could result only in the conclusions at which the Committee have arrived, namely, that, in regard to the administration of the Food Acts, (1) an analytical limit should be imposed which limit should determine what degree of deficiency in those constituents which specially characterise butter should raise a presumption that the butter is not “genuine”; (2) that the use of 10 per cent. of a chemically‐recognisable oil in the manufacture of margarine be made compulsory; (3) that steps should be taken to obtain international co‐operation; and finally, that the System of Control, as explained by various witnesses, commends itself to the Committee.
When your Director asked me to speak to the theme of your conference—‘Information Services—the cost, the value and the means’—and I told him that I was quite unable to do so, he…
Abstract
When your Director asked me to speak to the theme of your conference—‘Information Services—the cost, the value and the means’—and I told him that I was quite unable to do so, he readily agreed that I might speak to a subject of my own choosing. This subject is ‘The changing face of management’. I find, however, that I can make one contribution to the subject of the supply of information through specialized library services, and that is on the danger of bogging people down in too much information, of swamping them with too much print and paper. Mr. Herbert Morrison, when he was serving on a committee, once protested against all the paper which had been issued to him in the words:
Retreat of the Critics. The publication, last month, of a series of six main articles on Work Study with an introductory leader in The Financial Times was yet further proof of the…
Abstract
Retreat of the Critics. The publication, last month, of a series of six main articles on Work Study with an introductory leader in The Financial Times was yet further proof of the increasing interest and importance accorded by the nation at large to this decisive “tool of management” which has been, until comparatively recent years, the dream of a few, forward‐looking pioneers. During the past year or two, however, increasing references have been made to Work Study on the radio and television, and in the daily press. As The Financial Times points out: “The critical voices seem now to be growing fainter. For example, no less than 800 industrialists from every part of the country attended the recent conference on Work Study at Harrogate, organised by the British Institute of Management.”
Jason C. Travers, Matt Tincani, Julie L. Thompson and Richard L. Simpson
Learners with autism require specialized education and supports to ensure acquisition and mastery of various communication skills. This is particularly true for individuals whose…
Abstract
Learners with autism require specialized education and supports to ensure acquisition and mastery of various communication skills. This is particularly true for individuals whose disability significantly impacts their language development. Without functional communication, these individuals often engage in severe behavior, have reduced self-determination, and experience diminished quality of life. Accordingly, researchers in special education and related fields have sought ways to improve the communication skills of learners with autism who need specialized language and communication interventions. Although the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is well-established in the empirical literature and has helped countless individuals learn to communicate, the method known as facilitated communication (FC; which also is being called “supported typing” and “rapid prompting method”) has become increasingly popular in recent years. Few methods in special education have been as thoroughly discredited as FC and perhaps none are as dangerous. This chapter contrasts the thoroughly debunked FC and its pseudoscientific characteristics with those underpinning PECS. A brief historical account of each method is provided along with key scientific and pseudoscientific features that distinguish science from pseudoscience. Ultimately, our intent is to further clarify how FC is not an augmentative or alternative communication method and why PECS is.
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TODAY the holding of seminars grows apace and threatens, if unchecked, to become a major industry, turning us into a nation of seminarians. The subjects discussed are varied and…
Abstract
TODAY the holding of seminars grows apace and threatens, if unchecked, to become a major industry, turning us into a nation of seminarians. The subjects discussed are varied and the speakers, especially if imported from the United States, described with a wealth of hyperbole. The settings are often luxurious. The cost, when expressed in terms of the time that well‐paid executives are away from their offices, is considerable.
It is always a privilege to be asked to speak to the members of one's own professional body, but it is a double honour and responsibility to be invited to speak to the members of…
Abstract
It is always a privilege to be asked to speak to the members of one's own professional body, but it is a double honour and responsibility to be invited to speak to the members of an association whose members are highly qualified and experienced in an entirely different field from that of the speaker.
ASLIB made a break with tradition when the Thirty‐first Annual Conference was planned to take place at Brighton from 1st to 4th June, 1956, instead of in the autumn. Alas, that…
Abstract
ASLIB made a break with tradition when the Thirty‐first Annual Conference was planned to take place at Brighton from 1st to 4th June, 1956, instead of in the autumn. Alas, that the weather did not play its part. A stiff, chill breeze discouraged any lingering on the sea front and by Sunday night this had degenerated into a howling gale of wind and rain. However, there are two sides to every coin. Possibly the lack of counter‐attractions contributed to larger attendances at the meetings and to the many impromptu gatherings in the foyer of the Hotel Metropole where the conference was held. Most people appeared to enjoy themselves.
Jaber Jafarzadeh, Laleh Payahoo, Mohammad Yousefi and Ali Barzegar
This paper aims to depict the mechanistic role of vitamin D on dementia prevention, relief of the severity and the complication of the disease. All papers indexed in scientific…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to depict the mechanistic role of vitamin D on dementia prevention, relief of the severity and the complication of the disease. All papers indexed in scientific databases, including Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar between 2000 and 2021 were extracted and discussed. To present the mechanistic role of vitamin D in declining the severity of dementia, keywords including dementia, vitamin D, oxidative stress, inflammation, amyloid beta-Peptides were used.
Design/methodology/approach
Dementia is a prevalent cognitive disorder worldwide, especially in elderly people, which is accompanied by serious disabilities. Besides genetic, biological and lifestyle factors are involved in the incidence of dementia. An unhealthy diet along with micronutrient deficiencies are among modifiable factors. Vitamin D is one of the important micronutrients in brain health. Besides the involvement in gene expression, bone mineralization, apoptosis, inflammation, skeletal maturation, neurotropic action and hemostasis of phosphate and calcium, vitamin D also exerts neuroprotective effects via genomic and non-genomic pathways.
Findings
Vitamin D up-regulates the expression of various genes involved in dementia incidence via various mechanisms. Decreasing oxidative stress and the neuro-inflammatory cytokines levels, regulation of the expression of alternated Proteins including Tau and Amyloid-ß, calcium homeostasis in the central nervous system and also vascular are considered main mechanisms.
Originality/value
Considering the importance of diet in preventing dementia, adherence to a healthy diet that provides essential nutrients to brain function seems to be urgent. Controlling serum levels of vitamin D periodically and providing vitamin D by related sources or supplements, if there is a deficiency, is recommended. Future studies are needed to clarify other related mechanisms.
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This paper aims to present experimental experience of heavy fuelling of a spark ignition crankcase scavenged two-stroke cycle unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) engine, particularly…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to present experimental experience of heavy fuelling of a spark ignition crankcase scavenged two-stroke cycle unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) engine, particularly focusing on the effects of compression ratio variation, and to cross-correlate with the results of fluid dynamic modelling of the engine and fuels used.
Design/methodology/approach
One-dimensional modelling of the engine has been conducted using WAVE software supported by experimental dynamometer testing of a spark ignition UAV engine to construct a validated computational model using gasoline and kerosene JET A-1 fuels.
Findings
The investigation into the effects of compression ratio variation via fluid dynamic simulation and experimental testing has allowed an assessment of the approach for improving heavy fuel operation of UAV engines using auxiliary transfer port fuel injection. The power level achieved with reduced compression ratio heavy fuel operation is equal to 15.35 kW at 6,500 revolutions per minute compared to 16.27 kW from the standard gasoline engine or a reduction of 5.7%.
Practical implications
The studied engine is specifically designed for UAV applications. The validation of the computational models to explore the effects of compression ratio and heavy fuel injection on the solution and cost is supported by experimental tests.
Originality/value
The application of auxiliary port fuel injection of heavy fuel and associated compression ratio optimisation offers an alternative approach to achieve the safety and logistical challenges of the single fuel policy for UAVs. The application of WAVE to simulate crankcase scavenged two-stroke cycle engines has been applied in very few cases. This study shows further exploratory work in that context.
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M.M. De Guzman, C.A.J. Fletcher and J.D. Hooper
The detailed flow behaviour around a four—hole Cobra Pitot pressureprobe, developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganization, Australia, (CSIRO), to…
Abstract
The detailed flow behaviour around a four—hole Cobra Pitot pressure probe, developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, (CSIRO), to determine the pressure and the velocity components in three dimensional single‐phase/multi‐phase fluid flow, is investigated computationally. The incompressible steady state Navier—Stokes equations are solved numerically using a general purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code developed at CANCES. Computational results are presented for representative probe pitch and yaw angles at a Reynolds number = 2 × 103, emphasising the pressure distribution and flow separation patterns on the probe tip adjacent to the pressure ports. Quantitative comparison of the computational simulation to experimental results is done by comparing experimental calibration data to numerically computed pressure responses. The topological features of the near tip flow behaviour are visualised using critical point concepts and three dimensional streamlines. Additional qualitative comparison to experiment is discussed using data from a preliminary experimental investigation using surface oil film visualisation techniques, where available. Conclusions are drawn concerning the near tip flow behaviour, the good level of agreement between the numerical results and experimental data and the effectiveness of using a computational analysis to provide accurate detail useful for engineering design purposes.