J.E.F. Farbridge, F.A. Woodward and G.E.A. Thomann
This final paper of the series deals with the application of the structural and aerodynamic matrices to determine the final steady state loading on the wing, with a view to the…
Abstract
This final paper of the series deals with the application of the structural and aerodynamic matrices to determine the final steady state loading on the wing, with a view to the requirements of the stress analyst. It is also shown how the stability derivatives of the elastic wing may be obtained, if a system of unit loads is employed in the calculations. Finally the occurrence of wing divergence and control surface reversal speeds are discussed in the light of the proposed methods.
A method is presented for calculating the aerodynamic forces acting on an elastic supersonic wing having arbitrarily swept straight leading edges and a supersonic trailing edge…
Abstract
A method is presented for calculating the aerodynamic forces acting on an elastic supersonic wing having arbitrarily swept straight leading edges and a supersonic trailing edge. The loads are presented in matrix form in terms of the geometrical incidence effective at given wing structural stations. It is thus possible, by combination with the corresponding structural matrix, to determine the steady state aeroelastic loading and final shape of the wing. It is shown how the distribution of loading associated with the placing of incidence on a small quadrilateral area within the wing plan form may be calculated. This loading is broken down into point loads acting at the required structural stations by graphical integration. The loading due to each small area is built up by superposing solutions obtained from linearized supersonic control surface theory. The sweep of the hinge line, and its relation to the wing Mach lines and leading edges are the main parameters of the problem. Twelve formulae are presented, giving the loading in each of the various regions likely to occur for practical wings. By a proper combination of the loads acting on symmetrically opposed stations on each side of the wing, the symmetric or anti‐symmetric aerodynamic matrix can be formed, corresponding to pitching and plunging, or rolling motions of the wing respectively.
Fred Block and Matthew R. Keller
In this chapter, we argue for an essential dualism in the U.S. economy; there are simultaneously institutional sources of dynamism and institutional patterns that portend a…
Abstract
In this chapter, we argue for an essential dualism in the U.S. economy; there are simultaneously institutional sources of dynamism and institutional patterns that portend a process of decay and decline. This dualism corresponds to a growing divide between innovative small- and medium-sized enterprises and big corporations – both financial and nonfinancial – that are increasingly predatory in their business strategies. Surprisingly, firms on both sides of the divide are increasingly dependent on government. The small- and medium-sized firms rely heavily on government science and technology programs to help them innovate. The large firms need government to protect their position. Whether dynamism or decay will prove to be stronger, we think, is contingent on political choices that will be made over the next ten years. This contingency, in turn, makes it easier to understand the highly polarized nature of partisan politics in the United States today.
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A routine numerical method of solving integral equations arising in steady supersonic flow past flexible delta wings, with supersonic and subsonic leading edges, is presented. The…
Abstract
A routine numerical method of solving integral equations arising in steady supersonic flow past flexible delta wings, with supersonic and subsonic leading edges, is presented. The wing is subdivided into diamond shaped panels, by a network of equi‐spaced Mach lines, and the effect of placing unit downwash at each panel in turn is calculated. The resulting influence function, which has been tabulated, is then formed into the required matrix of influence coefficients. Within the limitations of linearized theory the results are valid for all Mach numbers and mode shapes, including chordwise bending. Although applied here to delta wings the method is equally suited to wings of arbitrary plan form. An aeroelastic efficiency calculation, for a sonic leading edge 45 deg. delta wing of representative torsional stiffness, is included for comparison with strip theory.
This paper describes a routine for calculating supersonic aerodynamic influence matrices, which is suitable for the digital computer. The method is first applied to a wing with…
Abstract
This paper describes a routine for calculating supersonic aerodynamic influence matrices, which is suitable for the digital computer. The method is first applied to a wing with straight leading edges, streamwise tips and a supersonic trailing edge. Then, an extension is given which enables wings of arbitrary planform (including those with subsonic trailing edges) to be treated without revision of the original programme.
Carol A. Phillips and Paul Bates
The species Arcobacter is related to the well‐known human pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, and has been linked to human illness, both by association and epidemiologically. In this…
Abstract
The species Arcobacter is related to the well‐known human pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, and has been linked to human illness, both by association and epidemiologically. In this study the survival of Arcobacter butzleri in acidic conditions and in ethanol has been investigated. The organism is not able to remain viable in acids below pH4.0 but the actual inhibitory pH depends on acid, growth conditions and growth phase. A. butzleri is able to survive in 10 per cent ethanol in culture and, when attached to stainless steel surfaces, 22.7 per cent of the organisms remain viable and recoverable after swabbing with 5 per cent ethanol compared with a control swabbed with water. The fact that this organism is able to survive under these conditions may have an impact in the food processing industry.
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Philip Constable and Nooch Kuasirikun
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between accounting and the early roots of the nation‐state in mid nineteenth‐century Siam/Thailand.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between accounting and the early roots of the nation‐state in mid nineteenth‐century Siam/Thailand.
Design/methodology/approach
First, the paper examines the theoretical inter‐relationship between accounting and nationalism. Second, it relates this theoretical understanding to a study of the changing concepts, methods and structures of indigenous Siamese accounting at a time of transition when foreign mercantile influence was beginning to have an impact on the mid nineteenth‐century Siamese economy. Third, the paper analyses how these accounting structures and practices came to constitute a socio‐political instrument, which contributed to the administrative development of a Siamese dynastic state by the mid nineteenth‐century. Finally, the paper studies the ways in which this dynastic state began to promote national characteristics through the use of its accounts to create a sense of Siamese cultural identity.
Findings
The findings emphasise the important role of accounting in the construction of political and national identity.
Originality/value
This inter‐disciplinary paper highlights a general neglect in the accounting literature of the instrumental role of accounting in nation‐state formation as well as offering a re‐interpretation of Thai historiography from an accounting viewpoint. Moreover as an example of alternative accounting practice, this paper provides an analysis of indigenous accounting methods and structures in mid nineteenth‐century Siam/Thailand at the point when they were becoming increasingly influenced by foreign mercantilism.
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Sara Forti, Barbara Colombo, John Clark, Arianna Bonfanti, Stefania Molteni, Alessandro Crippa, Alessandro Antonietti and Massimo Molteni
This paper aims to present the application and critical reflection on the effects of a intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): the Soundbeam Imitation…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to present the application and critical reflection on the effects of a intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): the Soundbeam Imitation Intervention (SII). The intervention is based on the imitation of meaningless body gestures supported by a musical feedback. The rationale underlying SII is that mirror neurons deficit may represent the cause for the incomplete development of social and motor functioning in children with ASD. Following this assumption, it is possible to hypothesise that a systematic activation of this a system through the simultaneous observation-execution of meaningless body gestures may affect functional changes of mirror-related functions.
Design/methodology/approach
A sample of 14 children, who were between 5 and 9 years of age, with a diagnosis of ASD were involved in a six weeks’ SII programme. The programme is designed as a three-step progression, where each step includes exercises that focus on an activity: synchronous/one arm imitation, synchronous/two arms imitation and delayed imitation. Exercises are based on repeated movements-melodies associations of increasing difficulty. Motor imitation and social attention were assessed using a synchronous video-modelling task pre and post intervention.
Findings
Data highlight significant improvements in imitation accuracy and duration of social sustained attention were achieved.
Originality/value
Data reported in this paper provide preliminary and promising evidence that imitation and social attention skills acquired through SII can be generalised to a video-modelling imitation setting. The SII ordinal execution has included meaningless gestures, usually excluded from previous interventions, and this adds further validity to the training.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of the DMC satellite data as suitable alternative to Landsat‐7 ETM+ satellite data sets in view of the aging conditions, the…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of the DMC satellite data as suitable alternative to Landsat‐7 ETM+ satellite data sets in view of the aging conditions, the failure of the Scan Line Corrector (SLC) and resulting scan line anomaly within the Landsat‐7 ETM+ data sets.
Design/methodology/approach
The DMC and Landsat‐7 ETM+ satellite data were compared by obtaining quantitative parameters such as; spatial, geometric, spectral, radiometric properties from coincident date images of the two satellite sensors, while inter‐relationship between DMC and Landsat‐7 ETM+ satellite data were established by deriving sensor inter‐calibration from linear regression equation.
Findings
The result shows that the performances of UK‐DMC match well with Landsat‐7 ETM+ and the accuracy of the UK‐DMC with respect to spatial, geometric properties. The frequency of DN distribution in each waveband for the two sensors and a pair‐wise relationship between the DN of selected targets was established using linear regression equation with coefficient of determination (R2) values that range from 0.92 to 0.95. These are adequate for data integration of the UK‐DMC and Landsat‐7 ETM+ sensors, and indicate that UK‐DMC can be used as a replacement for Landsat‐7 ETM+ and can provide a suitable platform for multi‐temporal and multi‐sensor approach that is required for the study of environmental dynamics.
Research limitations/implications
The challenge in this study is that information on DMC sensor calibration and radiometric parameters such as time‐dependent change in the data derived from pre‐flight measurements, in‐flight calibration and ground‐based calibration data were not available at the time of this study. Therefore, absolute radiometric correction of converting the digital number (DN) recorded by the sensor to spectral radiance detected by the sensor using sensor‐specific calibration parameters was not possible. The suitable alternative is to use spectrally invariant targets for relative radiometric correction of DN to DN pair wise pixel technique and selecting similar targets on the images.
Practical implications
This study shows that a suitable platform for multi‐temporal and multi‐sensor approach that is required for the study of environmental dynamics can be provided.
Social implications
The issue of climate change was mentioned in this manuscript because satellite sensors that were used previously for climate change (multi‐disciplinary approach) does not have the temporal dynamics of daily coverage (temporal) and spatial resolution like the DMC satellites while there is usually a trade‐off between temporal and spatial resolution. The DMC satellites have got the exceptional capability of daily temporal and medium spatial resolution that can be suitable for monitoring climate change. That is why in this study investigation was carried out on the unique properties of the DMC satellites by making comparative assessments Landsat‐7 ETM+.
Originality/value
The originality/value of this paper lies on the fact that; for the first time the DMC satellite data are being compared with Landsat‐7 ETM+ because of similar characteristics in terms of wavebands (near infrared, red and green) and spatial resolution (Landsat‐7 ETM+: 30 m, DMC: 32 m).