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Article
Publication date: 21 December 2019

Fritz Klocke, Christoph Broeckmann, Christoph Löpenhaus, Alexander Bezold, Tim Frech, Marko Hajeck, Philipp Scholzen and Christian Gebhardt

The purpose of this study is to optimize high-strength gears produced by powder metallurgical process and to provide a material model to predict the tooth root bending fatigue…

151

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to optimize high-strength gears produced by powder metallurgical process and to provide a material model to predict the tooth root bending fatigue strength. Powder metal (PM) technology offers great opportunities for the reduction of the carbon footprint and improvement of the cost efficiency of gear production. PM gears can achieve flank load-carrying capacities comparable to wrought steel gears if the loaded volume is fully densified. Still, the tooth root strength is of particular importance.

Design/methodology/approach

The tooth root stresses can be minimized by optimizing the tooth root geometry. This usually leads to a target conflict, as fully optimized tooth root geometries cannot be manufactured by generating processes such as hobbing, generating-grinding or rolling. To use the increase in tooth root load-carrying capacity of fully optimized root geometry on PM gears, a non-generating method for surface densifying is needed. The shot-peening process is used as an alternative densification process for PM gears. The properties of both shot peened and cold-rolled PM gears are analyzed and compared. To quantify the effect of both manufacturing processes, the tooth root bending fatigue strength will be evaluated and compared to wrought gears.

Findings

From the fatigue strength perspective, a material model is developed, which is able to predict local endurable stress amplitudes. The model is gained through regression varying carbon content, density and size effect on bending specimens.

Originality/value

It is transferable to PM gears of the same material using a load transfer coefficient.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 72 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Article
Publication date: 26 November 2018

Fritz Klocke, Thomas Bergs, Christoph Löpenhaus, Philipp Scholzen and Tim Frech

The lower density of powder metallurgical (PM) gears compared to solid steel gears leads to not only a lower weight but also a lower load-carrying capacity. Therefore, PM gears…

104

Abstract

Purpose

The lower density of powder metallurgical (PM) gears compared to solid steel gears leads to not only a lower weight but also a lower load-carrying capacity. Therefore, PM gears are cold rolled before hardening to increase the density in the highly stressed surface zone and, thus, the flank load-carrying capacity. A further approach to increase the flank load-carrying capacity is the reduction of friction and wear in the tooth contact. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the hard rolling process as a new manufacturing step in the PM process chain to influence the boundary layer.

Design/methodology/approach

The investigation includes the new process of hard rolling, the variation of the cooling lubricant in the hard rolling process and the evaluation of its influence on the material properties and the flank load-carrying capacity. Therefore, the additives of the cooling lubricant are varied regarding the sulfur and phosphorous content. The load-carrying capacity is evaluated on disk-on-disk test rig and the material properties are evaluated by metallographic tests and boundary layer.

Findings

The results of the specimen characteristics in the micro and nano range show a significant influence of hard rolling on the residual stresses and the chemical surface composition. Because of hard rolling, residual compressive stresses as well as roughness are reduced and the flank load-carrying capacity is increased by high phosphorous content of the cooling lubricant.

Originality/value

This paper investigates a new manufacturing step to increase resource efficiency by increasing the flank load-carrying capacity of spur gears.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 71 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Article
Publication date: 17 October 2017

Jon Iñaki Arrizubieta, Fritz Klocke, Nils Klingbeil, Kristian Arntz, Aitzol Lamikiz and Silvia Martinez

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and compare powder and wire laser material deposition (LMD) processes.

750

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and compare powder and wire laser material deposition (LMD) processes.

Design/methodology/approach

In the present paper, Inconel 718 tensile test probes were built layer by layer using a longitudinal strategy, and the quality of the deposited material was characterized for both wire and powder LMD processes. The measured data during the deposition tests have been used for comparing the efficiency of both powder and wire LMD processes. Afterwards, to evaluate the mechanical properties of the parts generated by means of both processes, standard tensile tests were carried out. Furthermore, other factors have been evaluated, such as process reliability or presence of residual material, after the deposition process.

Findings

Results show a higher efficiency of the wire LMD process, and even similar ultimate tensile stress values were reached for both processes; powder LMD parts resulted in a more brittle nature.

Originality/value

In the present paper, a thorough analysis that compared both processes has been carried out. The results obtained will help in the future when choosing between wire and powder LMD. The main points of the wealth of knowledge generated with these research efforts are highlighted herein.

Details

Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 23 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1355-2546

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Article
Publication date: 2 October 2024

Allison Brown Ledford, Anna Hyre, Gregory Harris, Gregory Purdy and Thomas Hedberg Jr

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a prominent area of interest in the field of manufacturing that is bringing about revolutionary changes. In this study, the authors sought to…

59

Abstract

Purpose

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a prominent area of interest in the field of manufacturing that is bringing about revolutionary changes. In this study, the authors sought to determine whether professionals in academia or industry could have predicted the composition of advanced technologies associated with Industry 4.0 before Germany's Industrie 4.0 policy announcement. The purpose of this paper is to use the process for identifying technologies that can be included in industrial policy to improve national competitiveness in manufacturing.

Design/methodology/approach

Relevant documented research from 2000 to 2012 was identified and captured using a systematic literature review. The significant technological advancements during this period were analyzed to determine how technological innovations may have affected predictions about the future of manufacturing. The identified predictions were analyzed using an open-source natural language processing code that clustered relevant topics in the predictions that indicated common themes. The results were then compared to the ideas within “Industry 5.0”.

Findings

The results of this study showed that an aggregate analysis of manufacturing predictions would have preemptively revealed the Fourth Industrial Revolution and could have been used to inform industrial policy that could accelerate technology adoption. Also, contrary to popular belief, the popular Industry 5.0 is a sematic exemplification of a concept already embedded within the origins of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Practical implications

By examining the provenance of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, lessons are learned that bring light to Industry 4.0 and the measures that can be taken to enable the advancements that it brings. The results of this study show that is would be wise for government policymakers to enact programs that monitor the manufacturing predictions coming out of academia and to analyze them aggregately using natural language processing as a means to identify the next evolutions and revolutions and to mobilize policymakers to enhance outcomes of enacting policy.

Originality/value

Despite high hopes for the realization of Industry 4.0, there has been little discussion about the technological innovations and events that occurred to enable it. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that has determined that an aggregate analysis of manufacturing predictions would have preemptively revealed the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The success of the methodology used in this study has theoretical implications in support of natural language processing (NLP) being used to inform national policy.

Details

Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2053-4620

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 2003

J.P. Kruth, X. Wang, T. Laoui and L. Froyen

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is one of the most rapidly growing rapid prototyping techniques (RPT). This is mainly due to its suitability to process almost any material…

19106

Abstract

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is one of the most rapidly growing rapid prototyping techniques (RPT). This is mainly due to its suitability to process almost any material: polymers, metals, ceramics (including foundry sand) and many types of composites. The material should be supplied as powder that may occasionally contain a sacrificial polymer binder that has to be removed (debinded) afterwards. The interaction between the laser beam and the powder material used in SLS is one of the dominant phenomena that defines the feasibility and quality of any SLS process. This paper surveys the current state of SLS in terms of materials and lasers. It describes investigations carried out experimentally and by numerical simulation in order to get insight into laser‐material interaction and to control this interaction properly.

Details

Assembly Automation, vol. 23 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0144-5154

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Article
Publication date: 1 September 1995

F. Klocke, T. Celiker and Y.‐A. Song

The materials which can currently be processed using commercially available rapid prototyping techniques have limited mechanical characteristics. Describes research into two…

1617

Abstract

The materials which can currently be processed using commercially available rapid prototyping techniques have limited mechanical characteristics. Describes research into two processes which offer metal part capabilities, namely selective laser sintering and laser generating. Pays particular attention to the selection of suitable materials. Discusses the application of these techniques to the manufacture of metal tools.

Details

Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 1 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1355-2546

Keywords

Available. Open Access. Open Access
Article
Publication date: 30 July 2024

Ning Qian, Muhammad Jamil, Wenfeng Ding, Yucan Fu and Jiuhua Xu

This paper is supposed to provide a critical review of current research progress on thermal management in grinding of superalloys, and future directions and challenges. By…

221

Abstract

Purpose

This paper is supposed to provide a critical review of current research progress on thermal management in grinding of superalloys, and future directions and challenges. By understanding the current progress and identifying the developing directions, thermal management can be achieved in the grinding of superalloys to significantly improve the grinding quality and efficiency.

Design/methodology/approach

The relevant literature is collected from Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, Google scholar, etc. A total of 185 literature is analyzed, and the findings in the literature are systematically summarized. In this case, the current development and future trends of thermal management in grinding of superalloys can be concluded.

Findings

The recent developments in grinding superalloys, demands, challenges and solutions are analyzed. The theoretical basis of thermal management in grinding, the grinding heat partition analysis, is also summarized. The novel methods and technologies for thermal management are developed and reviewed, i.e. new grinding technologies and parameter optimization, super abrasive grinding wheel technologies, improved lubrication, highly efficient coolant delivery and enhanced heat transfer by passive thermal devices. Finally, the future trends and challenges are identified.

Originality/value

Superalloys have excellent physical and mechanical properties, e.g. high thermal stability, and good high-temperature strength. The superalloys have been broadly applied in the aerospace, energy and automobile industries. Grinding is one of the most important precision machining technologies for superalloy parts. Owing to the mechanical and physical properties of superalloys, during grinding processes, forces are large and a massive heat is generated. Consequently, the improvement of grinding quality and efficiency is limited. It is important to conduct thermal management in the grinding of superalloys to decrease grinding forces and heat generation. The grinding heat is also dissipated in time by enhanced heat transfer methods. Therefore, it is necessary and valuable to holistically review the current situation of thermal management in grinding of superalloys and also provide the development trends and challenges.

Details

Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing and Special Equipment, vol. 5 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2633-6596

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Article
Publication date: 14 June 2019

Kanwal Jit Singh

The purpose of this paper is to represent the innovative process of powder-mixed electrical discharge machining of high-speed steel T1 grade and to conduct experimental…

78

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to represent the innovative process of powder-mixed electrical discharge machining of high-speed steel T1 grade and to conduct experimental investigation to optimize the machining parameters associated with multiple performance characteristics using grey relational analysis. The machining of high-speed steel T1 grade via conventional machining is a difficult process. However, it can be easily machined by powder-mixed electric discharge machining.

Design/methodology/approach

Carefully selected machining parameters give the optimum output results. For experimentation, the following input parameters have been used: pulse on-time, discharge current, tool material and powder concentration. The effects of input parameters, namely, material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR), have been investigated in this research.

Findings

Grey relational analysis and analysis of variance have been performed to optimize the input parameters for better output response. Optimized results show increment of TWR, MRR and SR, which is 63.24, 52.18 and 42.49 per cent, respectively.

Originality/value

This research paper will be beneficial for the industrial application. The GRA result gives the better output response.

Details

Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, vol. 15 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1573-6105

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Article
Publication date: 1 February 2002

M. Stanford and P.M. Lister

As more stringent environmental legislation is enforced throughout Europe manufacturing businesses, employing metal cutting processes, can no longer ignore the growing importance…

1246

Abstract

As more stringent environmental legislation is enforced throughout Europe manufacturing businesses, employing metal cutting processes, can no longer ignore the growing importance of environmental aspects relating to cutting fluids. Businesses, through market forces, are being forced into offering a “clean solution” to the metal cutting processes which they operate. Cutting fluids despite playing an important role in metal cutting, have considerable environmental impact. There is a need therefore to understand the role of cutting fluids within the cutting process in order to evaluate possible environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of cutting fluids. In order to achieve this the operating environment in which the process is being carried out, and the consequences of removing the cutting fluid from the process altogether has to be assessed. This paper therefore, reflects on the role of cutting fluid and the implications of their use. Viable methods of reducing cutting fluid consumption are also reported, together with efficient methods of cutting fluid utilisation (e.g. minimum quantity delivery systems). Finally, the difficulties experienced in removing cutting fluids from the metal cutting process are highlighted through the consideration of dry cutting technologies.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 54 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Book part
Publication date: 12 November 2018

Rojas-Trejos Carlos Alberto and González-Velasco Julián

Waste production is one of the most important problems that humankind faces. Human-based activities generate diverse waste types that have to be treated and disposed differently…

Abstract

Waste production is one of the most important problems that humankind faces. Human-based activities generate diverse waste types that have to be treated and disposed differently. This results in the need to build more facilities to manage the waste and to avoid further environmental damage. Colombia established a successful policy to close open dumps and to control pollution. Notwithstanding the advances that have been made in final disposal, it is necessary to extend the life of the final disposal sites and increase the closure of open landfills. Valle del Cauca is the third most populated Colombian province, and it is also considered the third province that generates more waste. This chapter addresses the problem of locating solid waste disposal centers in Valle del Cauca by applying the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with fuzzy logic, a multicriteria method that compares opinions of a decision-making group. Additionally, each potential location area is characterized by considering industrial and environmental issues, societal dynamics, infrastructure and topography, costs, and taxes. After applying a variant of AHP, the decision-making group was able to find that Jamundi is the best location to open the disposal center. The method shows strong potential to identify and prioritize alternative locations for a diverse group of stakeholders. Most importantly, the methodology lets us structure better qualitative and quantitative data, as well as to link multiple levels to avoid choosing locations that will affect society, environment, and other stakeholders, without considering the trade-offs among diverse criteria considering benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks (BOCR).

Details

Supply Chain Management and Logistics in Latin America
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78756-804-4

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