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COVID-19 which became a global pandemic in 2020 has had tremendous impacts on several sectors including agriculture. Farm household capability is said to play a major role in ensuring that individuals develop some level of resilience towards the pandemic. This study assesses the perceived impacts of the pandemic on livelihood activities and examines the effects of farm household capability on food security resilience.

The factor analysis, 2SLS and RIMA methodology were employed to assess the perceived impacts of the pandemic on livelihood activities and examine the effects of farm households' capability on food security resilience. The study is based on farm households in the Northern region of Ghana.

The study revealed that on a scale of 0 (no impact of the COVID-19 pandemic) to 1 (high impact of the COVID-19 pandemic), a value of 0.641 was obtained which means that the COVID-19 pandemic had a moderate (average) impact on farm households. Farm household capability also increases the food security resilience of farm households.

Government and local leaders should ensure that basic life-sustaining conditions are provided for rural farmers, and farm household capabilities are considered during crises.

Studies have examined impacts of the COVID-19 but little or no attention has been given to farm households' capability to remain resilient amid the COVID-19 shocks on livelihoods.

Given the competitiveness of the business environment globally, environmental, social and governance (ESG), which represents a sustainable development framework that integrates environmental, social and corporate governance factors, has become an increasingly recognized concept in emerging markets. In the case of Ghana, its implementation is influenced by several factors, including leadership.

Drawing on the resource-based view theory, higher-order theory and stakeholder theory, we developed and evaluated a serial mediation model to explain how ESG performance and corporate reputation can connect transformational leadership to enhance competitive advantage. Utilizing the Process Macro model 6 in SPSS, data were collected from 340 senior managers/executives and middle-level managers from European multinational firms operating in Ghana.

The results indicate that transformational leadership positively affects ESG performance. Enhanced ESG performance, in turn, leads to improved corporate reputation, which subsequently results in a stronger competitive advantage.

This study is limited to European multinational firms operating in Ghana, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other contexts or regions.

The findings suggest that organizations aiming to strengthen their competitive advantage should prioritize transformational leadership practices that foster ESG initiatives, as these are critical drivers of corporate reputation and market positioning.

This study provides new insights into the interwovenness between ESG performance and leadership in enhancing corporate reputation and competitive advantage within the context of emerging markets.