Erwin Hansen and Jennifer Zegarra
The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between six different dimensions of political risk in a country and its spread for a sample of 12 Latin American countries.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between six different dimensions of political risk in a country and its spread for a sample of 12 Latin American countries.
Design/methodology/approach
The methodology applied consists of panel estimators with fixed effects. In addition, a panel data model with instrumental variables is considered to tackle with potential problems of endogeneity in the model.
Findings
The results show there is a strong positive relationship between political risk and sovereign spread in Latin America, i.e., greater political risk is associated with greater sovereign spread. This effect is particularly significant when the political risk is associated with a weak rule of law or low-quality regulation in the country.
Research limitations/implications
The main limitation of this study concerns the potential risks of endogeneity which might exist between sovereign risk and political risk measures, which may not have been completely eliminated with the econometric methodology used.
Originality/value
This paper contributes to the literature of sovereign risk by studying the dimension of political risk in detail. Specifically, six dimensions of political risk are studied. Additionally, it provides empirical evidence, including the 2008 financial crisis period, regarding the determinants of spreads on Latin American economies.
Propósito
En este trabajo se estudia la relación existente entre 6 diferentes dimensiones de riesgo político de un país y su spread soberano para una muestra de 12 países latinoamericanos.
Diseño/metodología/enfoque
La metodología utilizada corresponde a estimadores de panel con efectos fijos. Además, se considera un modelo de panel con variable instrumental para lidiar con posibles problemas de endogeneidad en el modelo.
Recomendaciones
Los resultados muestran que existe una fuerte relación positiva entre riesgo político y spread soberanos en América Latina, es decir, mayor riesgo político está asociado a mayor spread soberano. Este efecto es particularmente significativo cuando el riesgo político está asociado a un Estado de Derecho débil o a una baja calidad regulatoria en el país.
limitaciones de la investigación
La principal limitación de este estudio son los potenciales riesgos de endogeneidad que pudieran existir entre las medidas de riesgo político y riesgo soberano, y que no hayan sido eliminadas completamente con la metodología econométrica utilizada.
La originalidad/valor
este trabajo contribuye a la literatura de riesgo soberano estudiando la dimensión de riesgo político en detalle. En particular, se consideran 6 posibles dimensiones del riesgo político. Además, provee evidencia empírica reciente, incluyendo el período de crisis financiera del 2008, respecto a los determinantes de spread en economías latinoamericanas.
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Matthew R. Fairholm, Michael K. Dzordzormenyoh and Godlove A. Binda
Trust and culture are common themes in leadership literature and research. The purpose of this paper is it to describe an emergent model of trust-culture leadership from the…
Abstract
Purpose
Trust and culture are common themes in leadership literature and research. The purpose of this paper is it to describe an emergent model of trust-culture leadership from the comments of local government managers in the USA. The environment of local government requires a level of trust between government and citizens. Comments from local government managers suggest trust is also a component of leading public organizations. The elements of the model culled from practical insights serve to both verify and elucidate much of what is found in leadership theory in a local government context.
Design/methodology/approach
This research is based on qualitative interviews of practicing local government managers coupled with an analysis of essays on leadership also written by local government managers.
Findings
The research indicates eight elements of a model divided into three categories (descriptions of leadership in practice, tools and behaviors, and approaches to followers) that help to both describe and perhaps prescribe the work of trust-culture leadership in a local government context.
Originality/value
While some of what is summarized below is found in leadership literature already, the fact that these elements of leadership are intuitive to local government managers and internalized in their practice is significant. Linking both trust and culture in leadership literature is limited, and linking them both to the practical insights of public managers is even more unique. The findings verify that public leaders at the local level actually engage in leadership of a particular sort, that of trust-culture leadership. It highlights the priority of trust in local government administration. The elements of the model serve to offer public managers specific things to focus on to promote trust-culture leadership and suggest to public leadership scholars specific avenues for further investigation.
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So much has been written about addiction, one can reasonably ask why we need another volume on the subject now. The pieces gathered here take up a number of current trends that…
Abstract
So much has been written about addiction, one can reasonably ask why we need another volume on the subject now. The pieces gathered here take up a number of current trends that make this exactly the right time to take a fresh look at addiction. These include: debates over the nosology of addiction as part of the revision to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM); the expansion of addiction's meaning and spheres of control beyond alcohol and illicit substances; the rise of neuroscience; the increasing ‘pharmaceuticalization’ of everyday life and new pharmaceutical treatments for addiction; growing awareness about the intersection of the drug war and the mass incarceration of people of color; and new theoretical frameworks for understanding the role of addiction as a fundamental technique of social control. These trends are reshaping addiction in both new and not-so-new ways that warrant the interrogation this volume provides.
Eva Horn, Stephanie Parks and Zhe (Gigi) An
Ensuring that young children with severe and multiple disabilities are active participants in all aspects of their lives and that they make meaningful progress toward valued life…
Abstract
Ensuring that young children with severe and multiple disabilities are active participants in all aspects of their lives and that they make meaningful progress toward valued life outcomes can be a daunting endeavor for families and early educators. In this chapter, we describe evidence-based strategies that can be harnessed to ensure that each child is provided with high-quality inclusive education. Initially, we lay the foundation for the chapter by asserting shared assumptions fundamental to early childhood/early childhood special education practices with topics including strengths-based approach, self-determination, all does mean all, and play as a right for all children. Next, components of a high-quality inclusive program for young children designed to support access, participation, and meaningful progress are described. These components include the following: (1) collaborative teaming; (2) family–professional partnerships; (3) authentic assessment linked to meaningful outcomes; (4) discipline-free, functional outcomes or goals; (5) responsive, developmentally appropriate environments; and (6) levels of instructional support (e.g. universal design for learning (UDL), differentiation, and individualization). A vignette is used to further illustrate how to apply the practices discussed.
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Don Chrusciel and Dennis W. Field
As organizations attempt to deal with change that is transforming, research has identified factors that need to be present in order to optimize the change transformation. The…
Abstract
Purpose
As organizations attempt to deal with change that is transforming, research has identified factors that need to be present in order to optimize the change transformation. The purpose of this research paper is to focus on those critical success factors.
Design/methodology/approach
After presenting a summary of the identified success factors, a combined quantitative and qualitative research methodology focusing on a single case study examines these critical factors in more depth.
Findings
Presented are identified factors of previous research, and two additional critical factors are revealed: flexible curriculum – the need for a comprehensive action plan having a prescribed curriculum; and perception of personal gain – the need to present a clear understanding addressing the aspirations and individual personal goals of those who are both involved and affected by the significant change.
Research limitations/implications
Beyond the limitations inherent in conducting both qualitative and quantitative research on a single case study, the emphasis of this investigation was at one end of a success continuum. While the focus was on the critical and important factors (one end), that leaves the discussion of any other factors and the continuum itself for future research.
Practical implications
By having an action plan that addresses the critical factors for dealing with significant change, the organization increases its chances of a successful transformation, and it may also become a more flexible organization able to deal with future change.
Originality/value
Through this research, two new critical success factors are identified that have impact upon organizations attempting to go through a major significant change transformation.
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Rachael Hansen-Garshong, Feikoab Parimah, Elias Kekesi and Collins Badu Agyemang
In the sub-region even though most entrepreneurial activities are borne out of necessity, such as need for employment, there are some entrepreneurs, particularly women who are…
Abstract
In the sub-region even though most entrepreneurial activities are borne out of necessity, such as need for employment, there are some entrepreneurs, particularly women who are opportunity-driven, who are pulled to start businesses due to the positives associated with the entrepreneurial journey. Opportunity-driven entrepreneurs start their businesses with an aim to fulfill a dream, realize a passion, or gain some independence and experience their autonomy. They are growth-oriented and develop creative ways to solve problems and effectively deal with challenges they face in their firms and satisfy the needs of their clients. Some female entrepreneurs in Ghana use innovative ways such as growth-oriented training, innovative recruitment, and selection practices. Innovation training practices, for instance reflect the personal values of the entrepreneur thus making innovation within the small and medium enterprises to be vision-led rather than market-led. Entrepreneurs who are innovative and growth-oriented provided proactive training and made use of technology to provide leadership and to better equip their employees.
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Bruce Kirkcaldy, Terence Martin, Peter van den Eeden and Rüdiger Trimpop
In a large scale survey of almost 2,500 medical professionals working in practice throughout Germany, a comprehensive questionnaire was designed to assess diverse…
Abstract
In a large scale survey of almost 2,500 medical professionals working in practice throughout Germany, a comprehensive questionnaire was designed to assess diverse socio‐demographic factors, as well as job‐related features such as occupational stress, work satisfaction and working climate, and attitudes towards safety and risk‐taking. Clinical outcome risk variables were also monitored, including on‐site accidents and driving accidents. An attempt was made to apply Lisrel analyses to provide a more detailed insight into the multidimensional nature of the interactions between the various categories of data. Background and personal variables (demographic and attitudes towards risk‐taking and safety‐consciousness) have differential effects on accident behaviour. Overall, on‐site accidents (within the medical practice) were directly and exclusively related to risk‐taking, in contrast to moving vehicle accidents, which were determined by gender, recklessness and safety consciousness. The results explained 6‐7 per cent of the variance which, whilst small, was significant, and more importantly, offers information and implications for understanding accident‐related behaviour.
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Choo Hong Telvin Goh and Val Hooper
The objectives of this research are to ascertain the current status of, and barriers to, knowledge and information sharing; to elicit suggestions for improvement; and to determine…
Abstract
Purpose
The objectives of this research are to ascertain the current status of, and barriers to, knowledge and information sharing; to elicit suggestions for improvement; and to determine whether the situation is different from that experienced by organizations operating in an average business environment.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach adopted was a survey conducted within the New Zealand Defence Force, for the purpose of obtaining a deeper understanding.
Findings
It was found that much similarity existed between the two types of organizations except that the organization operating in a closed information environment presented as an extreme example of an average organization. In particular, the requirement to maintain high security yet encourage the free flow of knowledge and information presents a considerable challenge.
Originality/value
The paper presents some insights into an area about which very little is known and which is, by its nature, difficult to research. It shows how closed information environment organizations could provide insights and examples for those operating in the average business environment. When consequences are more critical, practice will become more finely honed.
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Jose O. Diaz and Karen R. Diaz
“When James Boswell returned from a tour of Corsica in 1765 he wrote: ‘It is indeed amazing that an island so considerable, and in which such noble things have been doing, should…
Abstract
“When James Boswell returned from a tour of Corsica in 1765 he wrote: ‘It is indeed amazing that an island so considerable, and in which such noble things have been doing, should be so imperfectly known.’ The same might be said today of Puerto Rico.” Thus began Millard Hansen and Henry Wells in the foreword to their 1953 look at Puerto Rico's democratic development. Four decades later, the same could again be said about the island.