Eric Lindley and Frederick P. Wheeler
The shift to a knowledge‐based paradigm of management demands new conceptual tools for decision‐makers. Unfortunately, as writings on organizational learning and “learning…
Abstract
The shift to a knowledge‐based paradigm of management demands new conceptual tools for decision‐makers. Unfortunately, as writings on organizational learning and “learning organizations” have grown their clarity and focus have reduced, creating difficulties for managers who seek to apply these ideas. We propose a conceptual “Learning Square” with four mutually reinforcing domains – Multi‐dimensional goals, Using tacit knowledge, Continual learning, and Shared vision – that simplifies the issues. We illustrate the idea by analysing four critical episodes in the development of IS (information systems) within one firm that followed the trends of the last decade, towards corporate downsizing and radical business reengineering. We show how these policies often failed to engage with issues of learning and the use of people’s tacit knowledge. Managers can evaluate their decisions against the criteria of the Learning Square to improve the effectiveness of competitive strategies.
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The pattern of prosecutions forfood offences has changed very little in the past decade. Compositional offences have rarely exceeded 5 per cent and, since the 1967 batch of…
Abstract
The pattern of prosecutions forfood offences has changed very little in the past decade. Compositional offences have rarely exceeded 5 per cent and, since the 1967 batch of regulations for meat products, are mostly in respect of deficient meat content. Food hygiene offences have also remained steady, with no improvement to show for all the effort to change the monotony of repulsive detail. The two major causes of all legal proceedings, constituting about 90 per cent of all cases—the presence of foreign matter and sale of mouldy food—continue unchanged; and at about the same levels, viz. an average of 55 per cent of the total for foreign matter and 35 per cent for mouldy food. What is highly significant about this changed concept of food and drugs administration is that almost all prosecutions now arise from consumer complaint. The number for adulteration as revealed by official sampling and analysis and from direct inspectorial action is small in relation to the whole. A few mouldy food offences are included in prosecutions for infringements of the food hygiene regulations, but for most of the years for which statistics have been gathered by the BFJ and published annually, all prosecutions for the presence of foreign matter have come from consumer complaint. The extent to which food law administration is dependent upon this source is shown by the fact that 97 per cent of all prosecutions in 1971 for foreign bodies and mouldy food—579 and 340 respectively—resulted from complaints; and in 1972, 98 per cent of prosecutions resulted from the same source in respect of 597 for foreign matter and 341 for mouldy food. Dirty milk bottle cases in both years all arose from consumer complaint; 41 and 37 respectively.
Hwei-Lin Chuang and Eric S. Lin
This study empirically investigates the difference in employment status between marriage immigrants and native women in Taiwan based on a combined dataset from the 2003 Survey of…
Abstract
This study empirically investigates the difference in employment status between marriage immigrants and native women in Taiwan based on a combined dataset from the 2003 Survey of Foreign and Mainland Spouses’ Life Status and 2003 Women’s Marriage, Fertility and Employment Survey. The conceptual framework is based on the family labor supply model, the human and social capital theories, and the immigrant assimilation theory. From the Probit model of the employment probability, our findings indicate that family background variables, including the presence of small children and husbands’ characteristics, play fairly significant roles in determining the employment probability of marriage immigrants. As for native women, human capital variables such as schooling and age are the most significant factors affecting their employment probability, while husbands’ characteristics play a less important role in this respect. The finding that the employment probability of foreign spouses rises rapidly with the number of years that have elapsed since migration may confirm the employment assimilation for marriage immigrants. This study further applies the nonlinear decomposition analysis developed in the work of Yun (2004) to examine the gap in employment probability between native women and foreign spouses in Taiwan. Our findings show that the employment probability differentials are mostly due to the difference in coefficients and that the effects of the two age variables play dominant roles. The difference in coefficients, in sum, contributes to increasing the gap of employment probability, while the difference in characteristics, in sum, tends to reduce the employment probability differentials.
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Smedleys Ltd v. Breed effectively disposes of Section 3 (3), Food and Drugs Act, 1955 as a defence in law in what nowadays constitutes the commonest source of all food…
Abstract
Smedleys Ltd v. Breed effectively disposes of Section 3 (3), Food and Drugs Act, 1955 as a defence in law in what nowadays constitutes the commonest source of all food prosecutions, viz., foreign matter in food. Their Lord‐ships' judgment is indeed a brilliant exposition of the law on the subject, but the result of their dismissal of the appeal can only be seen, as one of their number stated, that local authorities and magistrates for all practical purposes can ignore the subsection, and from the numerous reports of legal proceedings, this is what they have been doing for many years. It was resurrected in a case, similar in circumstance to that in Smedleys, a couple of years ago, in respect of a snail in black currant jam, in which the snail and black currants were identical in size and appearance.
Aarhus Kommunes Biblioteker (Teknisk Bibliotek), Ingerslevs Plads 7, Aarhus, Denmark. Representative: V. NEDERGAARD PEDERSEN (Librarian).
The purpose of this paper was to examine the robustness of the findings on educational advantage among sexual minority men.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to examine the robustness of the findings on educational advantage among sexual minority men.
Methodology/approach
Using nationally representative data (AddHealth) and controlling for other predictors of academic attainment, we examine the educational attainment of sexual minority males by using hierarchical regression and logistical regression for two measures of sexual identity.
Findings
We find robust differences in educational attainment across analyses and sexual orientation constructs. Our results show sexual minority identity predicts up to a year more of education for male respondents and consistently reporting male homosexuals have an even greater advantage, more than one and a half years, compared to inconsistent responders.
Originality/value
Our results extend previous research on educational outcomes for nonheterosexual adolescents, suggesting there are sustained differences in long-term educational outcomes for nonheterosexual adults and supporting earlier analyses of the AddHealth survey data. This study contributes to the existing literature by examining educational attainment as measured by continuous years and cut-points, using two measures of sexual orientation, providing estimates for all Wave 4 sexual minority identities (i.e., not collapsing any sexual minority category), and controlling for adolescent school geography and type. Moreover, we find early identification of sexual orientation and stability of sexual orientation may be an important source of variation in identifying LGBTQ adolescents who are at greater academic risk or who may benefit from increased social support.
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Those local authorities in this country who have been carrying out extensive training courses for food handlers must, at this time of the year with annual estimates fresh in their…
Abstract
Those local authorities in this country who have been carrying out extensive training courses for food handlers must, at this time of the year with annual estimates fresh in their minds, together with frequent exhortations for economy, give much thought to the ultimate results of their efforts. In order to proceed further with this analysis, it is necessary to divide the authorities into three main groups: (1) those that have had a comprehensive system embracing lectures to all types of food handlers in hotels, food shops, fishmongers, bakers and greengrocers, etc.; (2) those who are content with one or two public lectures, or those whose campaigns take the form of a Clean Food Week; and finally (3) those who have no organised training programme, do not intend to have one and rely entirely on visits by Health Officers to advise and enforce the necessary Acts and local bye‐laws. It is imperative that a system of regular and thorough inspection of these premises be carried out at least once every three months, irrespective of what type of auxiliary training and lectures are put into force. Those officers who have spent a great deal of time in taking these courses and lecturing have found that there are many people who will not ask questions in front of an audience and to these advice during inspection is of the utmost importance. Particular difficulties in relation to equipment and layout can often be solved on the premises which would not be possible at a lecture even if the food handler would put his questions forward at that time. In order to check improvements, division into the three groups above will assist in assessing the achievements in any training programme. The consensus of opinion among health authorities in this country shows that comprehensive training programmes do pay good dividends. Later inspections show that there are improved conditions in food shops and improved working relations between the food industry and the local health department and, most important of all, increased public interest in, and support for, the cleaner food ideal. This assessment has also been borne out by the experience of authorities in the United States of America. In one large city in Columbia, 70 per cent of the staff of the licensed restaurants had completed training courses and one was interested to learn that in the “ A” restaurants the Health Department had issued tabs to be attached to menus which read: “ Our dishes and utensils are sanitised; our employees are trained; our kitchen invites your inspection”. Of particular interest in this respect is the attention paid to catering at fairs, a very thorny problem in this country. The Missouri Division of Health have stated that, during the past four years, there has not been a single reported case of food poisoning and that this has been accomplished, not only by means of regulations, but with constant supervision and a mobile laboratory that follows the fairs. It also stresses the value of dispensable paper cups and dishes that obviate the necessity for washing and sterilising facilities, often most difficult to obtain with mobile fairs and peripatetic catering. In one county in Kansas courses are planned by the Public Health Department and the Adult Education Sections of the Schools. All food handlers are required to have a card saying that they have successfully completed the course and this card is valid for one year only and personnel must complete a refresher course before obtaining a new card. The rates of improvement vary considerably but in all authorities in the United States of America, where comprehensive programmes have been carried out over a few years, definite improvement has been found in food handling. This is not the only aspect that must be considered at the present time. The potentiality of highly trained staff is of the utmost value in case of emergency. This was demonstrated in the very serious flooding that occurred in Kansas inundating hundreds of houses and disorganising public services. This problem arose at very short notice and the fact stressed by the State Board of Health was that, although the crisis lasted from a period of weeks to several months, not a single case of disease was traced to water supplies or to food. These emergency measures are undoubtedly the most stringent test of public health organisation and of the efficiency of those who handle and distribute food. In such cases, there is never sufficient time to start any scheme of training, but, with skilled staff, the spate of illnesses, such as typhoid, dysentery, etc., that invariably accompanied such occurrences could be reduced, if not eliminated, where efficient schemes of training have been carried out. When assessing the value of food training courses in such an emergency, one is forced by present conditions to think again of how it will fit in with Civil Defence requirements. The experience of the last war showed that the task of feeding large numbers of evacuees is a tremendous problem. It is not sufficient merely to have stores of food at strategic points, but trained people must be available who can not only make the most use of the food, but will know how to reduce the incidence of food poisoning or transference of infection when dealing with communal feeding of this type. To the foregoing must be added the risk that power and fuel might be cut off and also other main services. Then washing and sterilisation of equipment would not be possible. Experienced workers in this sphere will, prior to such conditions, have plans in hand that will cover all these contingencies. It may be necessary to feed homeless exacuees, Civil Defence workers operating in devastated areas, and even distribute food for the remaining citizens in towns where normal services have ceased to exist. It is in these circumstances that the food handler who has had thorough training will be able to carry on, well knowing the risks and taking every precaution to avoid the spread of infection and consequent epidemics.
March 17, 1967 Trade Dispute — Act in furtherance of — Trade union official threatening to induce strike action by employees unless workman rejoins union — Whether threat to…
Abstract
March 17, 1967 Trade Dispute — Act in furtherance of — Trade union official threatening to induce strike action by employees unless workman rejoins union — Whether threat to induce breach of contract of employment — Employers dismissing work‐man by notice under his contract of service — Whether dismissal resulting from unlawful conspiracy — Whether act of inducement actionable at suit of dismissed work‐man when based on intimidation — Whether protected by section 3 of the Trade Disputes Act, 1906 — Whether justifiable — Trade Disputes Act, 1906 (6 Edw. VII, c. 47) ss. 3, 5.