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This study aims to examine the relationships between aggregated and disaggregated energy use in the industrial sector, carbon emissions and industrial output in China.

The study utilizes annual frequency data for the period of 1984-2015. The unit root properties of data are tested using augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips and Perron unit root tests. Furthermore, the Zivot–Andrew structural breaks unit root test is used to detect the structural breaks steaming into series. The autoregressive distributed lag bound test and newly developed Bayer–Hanck combined cointegration are used to check the existence of a cointegration relationship between underlying variables. Last, the direction of causality is determined applying vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality.

The results confirm the existence of a long-run relationship in the presence of structural breaks. The authors conclude that aggregated and disaggregated energy consumption in the industrial sector increases CO₂ emission in both long and short run. The VECM Granger causality analysis indicates the bidirectional relationships between CO₂ emission, industrial growth and aggregated and disaggregated (coal, oil and natural gas) energy consumption.

Based on the empirical results mentioned above, the study proposes the recommendation that China should focus on the use of natural gas in the industrial sector instead of coal and oil consumption. The most potent reasons for such a transformation are twofold: natural gas is much more environment-friendly, thus being a much lesser polluting source of energy, and, most significantly, such a change would have no adverse impact upon the output level.

This study contributes to the existing literature on estimating CO₂ emission by using aggregated and disaggregated energy consumption in case of China. Notwithstanding, it also adds to the existing applied literature by using newly developed combined cointegration to confirm and substantiate the cointegration relationship between the underlying variables. Moreover, this study incorporates the role of structural breaks while investigating CO₂ emission function, which helps in providing more valuable policy suggestions.

The aims of this study were three-fold: to determine the impact of green transformational leadership on creative process engagement, green product innovation and green process innovation; to examine the association of creative process engagement with green product and process innovation and to identify the mediating influence of creative process engagement in the association between green transformational leadership and green process and product innovation.

Data was collected through a survey questionnaire from 291 middle- and lower-level managers and employees through simple random sampling in four high-tech manufacturing industries situated in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen in China. We examined the data through structural equation modeling using partial least squares to test the study hypotheses.

The findings unveiled that green transformational leadership and creative process engagement positively influence green product innovation and green process innovation. Similarly, green transformational leadership is positively linked with creative process engagement. The findings further revealed that creative process engagement mediates the impact of green transformational leadership on green process and product innovation. Hence, our findings provide strong support for the role of green transformational leadership and creative process engagement in improving green process and product innovation.

Our sample is limited to China and collected from high-tech manufacturing industries.

Drawing on the componential theory of creativity, the authors suggest that organizational leaders, specifically those who practice green transformational leadership, should increase creative process engagement among subordinates, as it is a crucial intangible resource for green process and product innovation.

We suggest that a combination of green transformational leadership and creative process engagement improves green process and product innovation as well as the environmental performance of a business by eliminating all forms of hazardous material and waste.

This work is one of the earliest empirical studies to evaluate the influence of green transformational leadership on fostering green product and process innovation and the mediating impact of creative process engagement on the linkage among green transformational leadership, green product and process innovation within the manufacturing context.