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It is of great importance for economy policy makers to comprehend the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and domestic savings, and to find out which indicator is more determinative on the dynamics of domestic savings. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the degree of relationship between Turkey’s domestic savings and selected macroeconomic indicators.

To examine the relationship, grey relational analysis (GRA) is applied together with the entropy method to determine the weight of the indicators according to the information level they provide. The analysis covers the data of the period from 1990 to 2014. In practice, however, the data set is used by dividing into two separate periods including before and after the 2001 crisis.

The results indicate that the unemployment rate and the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth stand out with a relatively high degree of relationship for the period before 2001. When examining the post-2001 period, current balance ratio and GDP growth are ascertained as indicators which have a high degree of relationship with domestic savings.

These indicators have different aspects affecting both public and private savings. Therefore, it may be beneficial to concentrate on these indicators when designing a policy in order to increase the domestic saving rate.

There are many econometric models used for investigating Turkey’s macroeconomic indicators and domestic savings causality. But before now, any study which investigates relationship between macroeconomic indicators and domestic savings by GRA could not be encountered. Using one of the newest developed theories (the grey systems theory) for this subject is the significance of this research.

The term ‘obsolescence’ occurs frequently in the literature of librarianship and information science. In numerous papers we are told how most published literature becomes obsolete within a measurable time, and that an item receives half the uses it will ever receive (‘half‐life’) in a few years. ‘Obsolescence’ is however very rarely defined, and its validity, interest, and practical value are often assumed rather than explained. Before reviewing studies on ‘obsolescence’, therefore, it is necessary to look at the concept and to identify the reasons why it should be of interest.

Those charged and authorized with the acquisition and usage of all types of public resources are responsible for obtaining, using, accounting for, reporting resources in an effective, economical, efficient and legal way, and taking the necessary precautions to prevent their misusage. They have to report to the offices that are authorized regarding these issues. In this context, overpayment and undue payments made by public administrations become significant in terms of using public resources in an effective, economical, efficient, and legal way. One of the confusing issues for public institutions regarding salaries and similar payments to civil servants is on which legislation provisions should collection of salaries, additional course, severance, additional payment and similar payments should be collected in terms of overpayment and undue payments made for civil servants. In practice, most institutions interpret overpayments and undue payments to civil servants as public loss, and they carry out collection operations within the framework of the provisions of the Directive on Collection of Public Loss.

Overpayment and undue payment refer to all forms of payments that are determined to be excessively or improperly made by an institution to employers, insurance holders, voluntary insurance holders, those who receive income or monthly payment, beneficiaries of these, holders of general health insurance and their dependents. An institution might provide more payment to a civil servant than they deserve due to reasons originating from the civil servant themselves or the administration. The purpose of this study is to explain in detail what overpayment and undue payment are and describe operations regarding collection of overpayments and undue payments, calculation of interest to be applied on these and accounting for it by providing examples.

Naïve est la définition du tourisme qui, dans le public de langue française est la plus répandue, puisqu'elle est celle du petit Larousse (éd. 1936, page 1041):«Goût du déplacement, des voyages: le tourisme constitue un sport très agréable.» Il va sans dire que cette explication n'a pas la moindre prétention scientifique. Il est tout de même remarquable qu'elle réunisse deux des caractéristiques qu'à coup sûr le tourisme n'a plus.

Celle‐ci, à l'exception de rares cas, n'est d'ailleurs pas adaptée au tourisme collectif. Certains déplacements en groupe, tels les rallyes, présentent quelques analogies avec le tourisme en chemin de fer ou en autocar: itinéraire préétabli, programme généralement prévu d'avance et communiqué avant le départ aux participants, discipline commune. Une différence essentielle subsiste: chacun roule dans son propre véhicule comme s'il était seul, ne retrouve les autres qu'à l'étape. Le rallye de Monte‐Carlo, qui revt les caractères d'une compétition sportive, s'il sert les fins du tourisme automobile, c'est à titre purement individuel. Le rallye Genève‐Bombay, organisé à deux reprises à un moment où l'ensemble de ce trajet n'avait pas été fréquemment parcouru, était de nature exclusivement touristique.

The purpose of this paper is the numerical investigation of the friction laws for incompressible flow in undulated channels, with emphasis on the applicability of the hydraulic diameter concept. A focal point of the study is the derivation of correlations to increase the accuracy of the hydraulic diameter approach.

Calculations are performed for laminar and turbulent flow, for Reynolds number ranges between 10–2,000 and 5,000–100,000. For turbulent flow, the shear stress transport (SST) model is used. A simple, sawtooth-like undulation shape is considered, where the channel geometry can be described by means of three length parameters. Letting each to take three values, totally 27 geometries are analyzed.

It is observed that the hydraulic diameter concept applied via analytical or empirical expressions to obtain friction coefficients does not lead to accurate results. For laminar flow, the maximum deviations of analytical values from predicted are about 70%, while 20% deviation is observed on average. For turbulent flow, deviations of Blasius correlation from predicted ones are smaller, but still remarkable with about 20% for maximum deviation and about 10% on average.

Applicability of the hydraulic diameter concept to undulated channels was not computationally explored. A further original ingredient of the work is the derivation of correlations that lead to improved accuracy in calculating the friction coefficient using hydraulic diameter. For laminar flow, the maximum and average deviations of present correlations from numerical predictions are below 5% and 2%, respectively. For turbulent flow, these numbers turn out to be approximately 12% for the maximum deviation and about 2% for the average.