Majid Amin, Fuad A. Awwad, Emad A.A. Ismail, Muhammad Ishaq, Taza Gul and Tahir Saeed Khan
(1) A mathematical model for the Hybrid nanofluids flow is used as carriers for delivering drugs. (2) The flow conditions are controlled to enable drug-loaded nanofluids to flow…
Abstract
Purpose
(1) A mathematical model for the Hybrid nanofluids flow is used as carriers for delivering drugs. (2) The flow conditions are controlled to enable drug-loaded nanofluids to flow through the smaller gap between the two tubes. (3) Hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) made from silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are analyzed for applications of drug delivery. (Ag) and (TiO2) (NPs) are suitable candidates for cancer treatment due to their excellent biocompatibility, high photoactivity, and low toxicity. (4) The new strategy of artificial neural networks (ANN) is used which is machine-based and more prominent in validation, and comparison with other techniques.
Design/methodology/approach
The two Tubes are settled in such a manner that the gap between them is uniform. The Control Volume Finite Element Method; Rk-4 and Artificial Neural Network (ANN).
Findings
(1) From the obtained results it is observed that the dispersion and distribution of drug-loaded nanoparticles within the body will be improved by the convective motion caused by hybrid nanofluids. The effectiveness and uniformity of drug delivery to target tissues or organs is improved based on the uniform flow and uniform gap. (2) The targeting efficiency of nanofluids is further improved with the addition of the magnetic field. (3) The size of the cylinders, and flow rate, are considered uniform to optimize the drug delivery.
Research limitations/implications
(1)The flow phenomena is considered laminar, one can use the same idea through a turbulent flow case. (2) The gap is considered uniform and will be interesting if someone extends the idea as non-uniform.
Practical implications
(1) To deliver drugs to the targeted area, a suitable mathematical model is required. (2) The analysis of hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) derived from silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles is conducted for the purpose of drug delivery. The biocompatibility, high photoactivity, and low toxicity of (Ag) and (TiO2) (NPs) make them ideal candidates for cancer treatment. (3) Machine-based artificial neural networks (ANN) have a new strategy that is more prominent in validation compared to other techniques.
Social implications
The drug delivery model is a useful strategy for new researchers. (1) They can extend this idea using a non-uniform gap. (2) The flow is considered uniform, the new researchers can extend the idea using a turbulent case. (3) Other hybrid nanofluids flow, in the same model for other industrial usages are possible.
Originality/value
All the obtained results are new. The experimental thermophysical results are used from the existing literature and references are provided.
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Tariq H. Ismail, Karim Mansour and Emad Sayed
This paper aims to (1) investigate the effect of other comprehensive income (OCI) on audit fees (AF) and audit report lag (ARL) and (2) test the moderating effect of board gender…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to (1) investigate the effect of other comprehensive income (OCI) on audit fees (AF) and audit report lag (ARL) and (2) test the moderating effect of board gender diversity (BGD) on such relationships.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses data extracted from the financial reports for a sample of Egyptian firms from 2013 to 2019, where the data are processed using the Panel Corrected Standards Errors (PCSE) and the Structure Equation Model (SEM).
Findings
The results reveal that (1) the OCI existence and OCI volume have a significant positive effect on AF and ARL, and (2) the presence of female directors on the board and the percentage of female representation affect the relationship between OCI and AF positively, but this effect on the relationship between OCI and ARL is insignificant.
Research limitations/implications
This paper has some limitations, where the analysis uses a small sample of Egyptian listed firms, as well as, the measures that were used as proxies of the study variables, which do not necessarily express the most suitable ones.
Practical implications
The results of this paper would (1) provide signals to the audit market, the professional bodies in Egypt and stakeholders about the determinants of AF and ARL, (2) provide guidelines that support the capital market authority to consider gender diversity in boards of companies taking into considerations its impact on AF and ARL, and (3) help the accounting setters in emerging economies as Egypt in drafting more suitable standards and guidelines regarding OCI.
Originality/value
This paper adds to the literature on OCI, where it investigates the effect of OCI on ARL, which was not yet studied in prior studies. Also, this paper complements and extends the literature by providing empirical evidence from one of the emerging markets as Egypt about the effect of BGD on the relationships between OCI, AF and ARL, as these relationships have not been examined before.
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This review aims to present the problems facing the rubber industry, including a shortage of raw materials such as fillers and ways to overcome them by finding renewable…
Abstract
Purpose
This review aims to present the problems facing the rubber industry, including a shortage of raw materials such as fillers and ways to overcome them by finding renewable, environmentally friendly natural alternatives that can be used as fillers in the rubber industry, with the aim of preserving the environment from pollution and reducing the cost of products. This research also presents new varieties of eco-friendly and renewable fillers for rubber composites including agricultural waste, biochar and biofiller and also presents methods of treating them to improve the mechanical properties of the composites.
Design/methodology/approach
Agricultural waste is a sustainable energy resource that possesses various potential applications, such as its utilization in the production of construction materials and multifunctional components for automobiles. Researchers have focused on how to channel agricultural waste fibers into valuable materials while preserving environmental and human health by considering their potential for industrial use. These fillers have an excellent chance to replace or supplement the current carbon black derived from petroleum or the undesirable bulky mineral fillers. To improve the efficiency of waste natural fibers in rubber composites, several types of surface treatment techniques have been investigated including alkaline treatment, silane treatment and permanganate treatment.
Findings
Adding 10 phr of cereal straw to natural rubber increases the tensile strength and hardness compared to blank natural rubber, as the tensile strength increased from 13.53 MPa for natural rubber to 15.3 for rubber containing 10 phr of untreated cereal straw filler and became 19.6 MPa in the case of using filler treated with peroxide. Also, tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break of the kenaf fiber-filled natural rubber composites are higher for composites with silane coupling agent. The utilization of sustainable biofillers as reinforcement in rubber composites has shown promising results in enhancing the performance of tires and other rubber products.
Originality/value
This review presents a new approach to evaluating the effect of using eco-friendly and sustainable reinforcing fillers for the rubber industry to preserve the environment and reduce production costs.
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Rana Ahmed Shaker, Emad Elbeltagi, Ibrahim Motawa, Islam Elmasoudi and Mohamed T. Elnabwy
Rapid urbanization and the shortcomings of traditional construction methods motivate construction professionals to explore faster and more sustainable approaches such as off-site…
Abstract
Purpose
Rapid urbanization and the shortcomings of traditional construction methods motivate construction professionals to explore faster and more sustainable approaches such as off-site construction (OSC). Thus, the purpose of this paper is to identify the drivers influencing OSC adoption and to explore the key drivers of its widespread adoption in Egypt.
Design/methodology/approach
A comprehensive global literature review was performed initially to develop an up-to-date list of OSC adoption drivers, which was confirmed in the Egyptian context through a pilot study. Then, social network analysis (SNA) was utilized to determine the most influential drivers as well as shortlist them to construct the final questionnaire survey. A total of 57 stakeholders in the Egyptian construction industry responded. Lastly, the relative importance index (RII) was calculated to rank the drivers, revealing the key drivers.
Findings
The results revealed that higher productivity, improving project quality control, shortening construction time, improving product quality and improving supervision and inspection are the top five drivers. On the contrary, government policies and regulations is the least significant driver.
Originality/value
This research contributes to the body of knowledge by introducing a comprehensive, up-to-date list of drivers, which helps the stakeholders gain a better understanding of the driving enablers of adopting OSC generally and helps Egyptian stakeholders make more informed decisions about its implementation specifically.
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Emad Sayed, Karim Mansour and Khaled Hussainey
This study aims to examine the impact of intangible investment on non-financial performance. This study also examines the moderating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on this…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to examine the impact of intangible investment on non-financial performance. This study also examines the moderating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on this relationship.
Design/methodology/approach
This study extracted data from annual reports for a sample of Egyptian firms from 2012 to 2020. This study used the generalized method of moment for testing research.
Findings
This study finds that intangible investment positively affects non-financial performance and the COVID-19 pandemic has weakened this positive effect.
Research limitations/implications
A small sample size is one of the limitations of this study. Furthermore, because of the lack of data in Egypt, the analysis does not include other measures of intangible investment. Finally, the sectoral analysis does not include all sectors because of the lack of observations in some sectors.
Practical implications
This study offers practical and social implications. It would help policymakers, regulators and shareholders to realize the importance of the intangible investment and also shed light on the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also offers managerial implications. It motivates managers to invest more in intangible investment as an important resource to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty, enhance the internal operating performance and improve learning and growth, which result in creating sustainable competitive advantage.
Originality/value
This study provides new empirical evidence on the impact of intangible investment on different dimensions of non-financial performance. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper offers the first empirical evidence on the moderating role of the COVID-19 pandemic in the relationship between intangible investment and non-financial performance.
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Sundus Shareef, Emad S. Mushtaha, Saleh Abu Dabous and Imad Alsyouf
This paper investigates thermal mass performance (TMP) in hot climates. The impact of using precast concrete (PC) as a core envelope with different insulation materials has been…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper investigates thermal mass performance (TMP) in hot climates. The impact of using precast concrete (PC) as a core envelope with different insulation materials has been studied. The aim is to find the effect of building mass with different weights on indoor energy consumption, specifically cooling load in hot climates.
Design/methodology/approach
This research adopted a case study and simulation methods to find out the efficiency of different mass performances in hot and humid climate conditions. Different scenarios of light, moderate and heavyweight mass using PC have been developed and simulated. The impact of these scenarios on indoor cooling load has been investigated using the integrated environment solution-virtual environment (IES-VE) software.
Findings
The results showed that adopting a moderate weight mass of two PC sheets and a cavity layer in between can reduce indoor air temperature by 1.17 °C; however, this type of mass may increase the cooling demand. On the other hand, it has been proven that adopting a heavyweight mass for building envelopes and increasing the insulation material has a significant impact on reducing the cooling load. Using a PC Sandwich panel and increasing the insulation material layers for external walls and thickness by 50 mm will reduce the cooling load by 15.8%. Therefore, the heavyweight mass is more efficient compared to lightweight and moderate mass in hot, humid climate areas such as the UAE, in spite of the positive indoor TMP that can be provided by the lightweight mass in reducing the indoor air temperature in the summer season.
Originality/value
This research contributes to the thermal mass concept as one of these strategies that have recently been adopted to optimize the thermal performance of buildings and developments. Efficient TMP can have a massive impact on reducing energy consumption. However, less work has investigated TMP in hot and humid climate conditions. Furthermore, the impact of the PC on indoor thermal performance within hot climate areas has not been studied yet. The findings of this study on TMP in the summer season can be generated in all hot climate zones, and investigating the TMP in other seasons can be extended in future studies.
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Emad S. Shafik, Azza A. Ward and Adel Farid Younan
This study aims to develop a biodegradable linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/starch blends with improved mechanical and flow characteristics and evaluate the probability of…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to develop a biodegradable linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/starch blends with improved mechanical and flow characteristics and evaluate the probability of using essential oils such as Moringa oleifira and castor oils as green plasticizers and compatibilizers to avoid using harmful chemicals.
Design/methodology/approach
Corn starch was blended with LLDPE through the melt blending technique. The corn starch content was varied from 5 to 40 phr in LLDPE. To enhance poor mechanical characteristic of the LLDPE/starch, essential oils such as M. oleifira and castor oils were incorporated into the composites with different concentrations starting from 1 to 7 phr. The essential oils’ effect on mechanical, flow character, thermal stability and electrical properties of the LLDPE/starch was also investigated. The morphology of LLDPE/starch containing essential oils was also investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Findings
The results revealed that increasing the corn starch content had an adverse effect on mechanical and flow characteristics of the composites, whereas incorporation of essential oils had increased the flow and mechanical characteristics of the composites. Also, dielectric measurements revealed that permittivity and dielectric loss increased by increasing oil content. Moreover, the values of the blends containing castor oil are higher compared to that containing M. oleifira. The SEM micrographs illustrated that the presence of essential oils in LLDPE/starch enhanced the distribution and the homogeneity of the composites, and the particle size of starch granules became smaller in LLDPE matrix.
Originality/value
This study aims to introduce green plasticizer and compatibilizer to avoid using harmful chemicals in packaging industry.
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Emad M. Elkhashen, Ahmed Sarhan and Amanze Ejiogu
This paper discusses the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the Egyptian economy and Egyptian government's budgetary responses to the pandemic.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper discusses the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the Egyptian economy and Egyptian government's budgetary responses to the pandemic.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors undertake a critical analysis of Egyptian government's economic and social interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the funding of these interventions and their short- and long-term implications.
Findings
The analysis shows that the Egyptian government's response to the pandemic will shrink Egypt's fiscal space significantly as increased borrowing and debt service obligations are not offset by the levying of corona tax on salaries and wages. However, increased taxation will impact negatively on poverty. The authors show that social interventions such as cash transfers are not provided at a level which will make an impact on alleviating poverty. The authors highlight increased spending on health as well as the adoption of a gender perspective in the response to the pandemic as positive outcomes with potential for future societal impact.
Originality/value
The authors highlight the Egyptian government's budgetary response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic and social implications of this response.
Seham Ghalwash, Ayman Ismail and Mohit Maurya
Learning outcomes can only be achieved through using case-based pedagogy. Instructors must encourage students to dive deeply into the case dilemma, so they are able to engage with…
Abstract
Learning outcomes
Learning outcomes can only be achieved through using case-based pedagogy. Instructors must encourage students to dive deeply into the case dilemma, so they are able to engage with the case objectives and questions, applying the appropriate theory. By doing so, students can provide solutions based on five core objectives. These are the objectives that students should learn after completing the case discussion: ■ Critique the marketing activities for implications of global branding. ■ Understand the turnaround strategies in the context of the digital economy and COVID-19 crisis to build a global brand and drive B2C customers from awareness and advocacy. ■ Suggest a map of traditional and digital marketing strategies to enhance the company’s efficiency and effectiveness. ■ Discuss the three main sources of influence marketers can implement to drive customers from awareness to advocacy across the customers’ path. ■ Discuss the application of the UN 17 SDGs practices in today’s fashion industry.
Case overview/synopsis
In 2018, Ali El Nawawi and Mai Kassem decided to start up the Scarabaeus Sacer brand to take their passion for social and human development and create ethical fashion streetwear. Scarabaeus Sacer was an Egyptian brand that sold 100% organic Egyptian cotton fashionable streetwear, and the core mission of the fledgling company was “promoting Egyptian organic cotton textiles with a premium quality globally” (Al Nawawi, 2021). While Scarabaeus was mainly guided by the well-being, sustainability, and mental health goals of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) numbers 3, 8, 11 and 12 (good health and well-being; decent work and economic growth; sustainable cities and communities; and responsible consumption and production), their position as an advocacy brand was only beginning to be understood by their customers in Egypt. With the rapid increase of e-commerce during the COVID-19 crisis and their previous international experience, the co-founders wanted to achieve their mission of building a global brand that promotes Egyptian organic cotton and sustainability while offering unique designs of fashionable streetwear. To achieve this mission, the co-founders El Nawawi and Kassem faced major decisions related to marketing strategies at the beginning of 2020. These included how to build global brand awareness and brand advocacy for well-being, sustainability and mental health with a special focus on penetrating new markets (namely, Europe and the USA) to stock their products on e-commerce platforms and advocating their cause and increase their sales.
Complexity academic level
This case is suitable for graduate-level marketing courses in which it allows students to engage with classical marketing strategies, digital marketing, global branding, communication, media and sales within a management framework.
Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.
Subject code
CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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Waqar Khan Usafzai, Rizwan Ul Haq and Emad H. Aly
This work aims to investigates exact solutions of the classical Glauert’s laminar wall jet mass and heat transfer under wall suction, wall contraction or dilation, and two thermal…
Abstract
Purpose
This work aims to investigates exact solutions of the classical Glauert’s laminar wall jet mass and heat transfer under wall suction, wall contraction or dilation, and two thermal transport boundary conditions; prescribed constant surface temperature and prescribed constant surface flux in nanofluidic environment.
Design/methodology/approach
The flow system arranged in terms of partial dif- ferential equations is non-dimensionalized with suitable dimensionless transformation variables, and this new set of equations is reduced into ordinary differential equations via a set of similarity transformations, where they are treated analytically for closed form solutions.
Findings
Exact solutions of nanofluid flow for velocity distributions, momentum flux, wall shear stress and heat transfer boundary layers for commonly studied nanoparticles; namely copper, alumina, silver, and titanium oxide are presented. The flow behavior of alumina and titanium oxide is identical, and a similar behavior is seen for copper and silver, making two pairs of identical traits. The mathematical expressions as well as visual analysis of wall shear drag and temperature gradient which are of practical interest are analyzed. It is shown that wall stretching or shrinking, wall transpiration and velocity slip together influences the jet flow mechanism and extends the original Glauert’s jet solutions. The exact solutions for the two temperature boundary layer conditions and temperature gradients are analyzed analytically. It is found that the effect of nanopar- ticles concentration on thermal boundary layer is intense, causing temperature uplift, whereas the wall transpiration causes a decrease in thermal layers.
Originality/value
The analysis carried out in nanofluid environment is genuinely new and unique, as our work generalizes the Glauert’s classical regular wall jet fluid problem.