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Calcium stearate has many uses, including that of a flatting agent in paint, a lubricant, plasticizer and leveller for paper coatings, suspending agent in plastic and other mouldings, a tableting agent, a water repellant, and a cosmetic component, etc. Gives a complete breakdown and analysis of calcium stearate with a useful Appendix of journal and patent specification.

Summarizes the definitions of colour, fluorescence, daylight fluorescence and daylight fluorescent pigments. Provides the starting formulation for the most common applications of daylight fluorescent paint along with advice, recommendations and sources of supply.

The second in a two‐part series, describes various applications of calcium stearate in resins and resinous polymers. Focuses in particular on its use in polypropylenes and stynenes (e.g. as a slip agent, a dispersing agent, a light stabilizer, or a nucleating agent) and in polyvinyl chlorides (e.g. as a pure‐proofing agent, to enhance ageing and heat resistance or as a non‐toxic stabilizer against acid, heat and light). Also considers the different applications of various stearate blends.

There are a number of outlets for cobalt naphthenate in the production and processing of polymers, including its use as a catalyst in the polymerisation of olefins, and the naphthenate has been studied in an investigation into the influence of metal ions on the radical graft copolymerisation of monomers onto poly‐olefins chains. It can also be employed in the production of photodegradable polymers, and foamed polymers.

Many vegetable drying, semi‐drying, and non‐drying oils and also marine oils have the property of being able to absorb oxygen as such, or from the air, to varying degrees and thereby become thickened and viscous, and soluble in mineral oils, the commercial acceleration of the process being known as “blowing”, giving blown, oxidised and polymerised oils. Thus blown oils are oils that have been agitated vigorously by having a current of air or oxygen passed through them whilst in a heated state, temperatures of the order of 70/120°C being usually involved, such oils having a long history of application. The degree of oxidation of an oil and degree of reduction in unsaturation depends upon the amount of air/oxygen passed through an oil, the length of time of blowing and temperature, and is in direct proportion to the air/oil interface, and whether or not a catalyst is used. Blown oils are characterised chemically by the presence of C‐O‐C links and C‐C links, with useful terminal groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl. The products of the air oxidation in blown oils, whilst still polymeric, etc, in nature, are quite different from those in oils whose properties have been changed by application only of heat and catalysts i.e. heat‐bodied oils, for use in resin and paint manufacture, the former oils containing hydroxy groups, etc., the films of which are less resistant to alkalies and to water. Many oils which show a tendency to “gumming” are free of this defect after blowing.

Manganese naphthenate has been utilized to improve the combustion properties of kerosine and to reduce soot content of flue gases. It is also applicable as a corrosion inhibitor in gas turbine engines using naphtha as a fuel, and can be added to fuel of these engines to minimise corrosion at high temperature and filter blocking tendency, and to modify the type of deposit formed on turbine blades so that it is less adherent and softer, especially when cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is used as a smoke reducer. The manganese naphthenate soap has been utilized to inhibit wear in low speed marine diesel engines operating on vanadium‐containing residual‐type fuel oils, and it can be employed to reduce the ignition temperature of soot in furnaces, by as much as 200%, facilitating oxidative soot removal from, especially, oil‐fired furnaces. The addition of the product to heavy tractor oil can reduce sulpher trioxide concentration. Manganese naphthenate has been used as a catalyst to the manufacture of organo‐boran compounds for use in petrol and lubricants.

Copper naphthenate has been used in chemicals for cleaning oil heating systems, and it has been employed as a fuel oil additive, improving combustion and fluidity, decreasing soot formation and preventing corrosion. Along with lauryl and xylyl mercaptan the metallic soap has been used to gel fuels, and to remove hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans and disulphides from hydrocarbon gases and oils. The naphthenate has been used to stabilise sulphur compounds in crude oils, so that on distillation they do not form the above mercaptans, etc. Along with chromium naphthenate plus sodium 2‐ethylhexyl sulphosuccinate, the material has been employed to prevent sludge formation in diesel fuels. Oil products have been rapidly sweetened in their storage tanks by treatment with the naphthenate.

Substantial quantities of naphthenic acid are used in the form of metallic salts (metallic soaps) e.g. as driers in paints, as pigment grinding and dispersing aids, as preservatives and mildewproofing agents for textiles, paper, film, and leather and cellulose materials i.e. additive, catalysts etc. These soaps are usually plastic substances, except calcium, which resembles a hard fibrous material.

Lead naphthenate has a number of functions in lubricants, including cutting oils, gear lubricants, extreme pressure lubricants, its main effect being that of an extreme pressure additive for lubricants reducing friction. It can also be used to inhibit the evolution of hydrogen sulphide from sulphurised mineral lubricating oils, and as an anti‐seizure agent in these oils. The napthenate has been incorporated into break‐in lubricants for ferrous and chromium plated piston rings running in aluminium cylinders, so that they do not scuff. The soap has been utlized in the preparation of metal cutting oils of the non‐soluble type, and to stabilize such oils wen they contain chloro‐hydro‐carbon.

The milling properties of polybutadienes have been improved and scorch time decreased by the use of aluminium naphthenate, which can also be employed to ensure homogenous distribution of pigments in polyesters. Aluminium secbutoxide/naphthenic acid reaction products are useable in the preparation of cellular polyurethanes and mixtures of the material with polyethylene have been applied to textile fabrics. The naphthenate possesses rubber‐like properties to a certain extent and was in fact used as a rubber extender during the First World War. Mixtures of naphthenates and pentachlorophenol compounds have been utilised to preserve wood. Alum naphthenate has been used to produce poly (naphthenaluminophenyl siloxanes), polymers containing radicals f naphthenic acid chemically bound with aluminium atoms in the side chains. The product contains 9% silicon, 4.52% aluminium, approximate molecular weight 1600, and are easily soluble in benzene, toluol, carbon tert, and ether, giving stable film‐forming transparent solutions, whose films have an electrical volume resistency of 3.1 x 1015 ohms‐cm, a tongent of dielectric loss angle of 0.0082, an electric strength of 68.3 kv/mm and a dielectric constant of 2.9. Although the mechanical strength of these films is not high it can be increased by heating 10 hours at 120°C. When added to other silicon‐organic or organic polymers these products accelerate their drying gelatinization and hardening.