PROBABILITY paper was originally used to represent the summation curve of a Gaussian distribution as a straight line. Gibrat, Divisia in France and Daeves and Beckel in Germany…
Abstract
PROBABILITY paper was originally used to represent the summation curve of a Gaussian distribution as a straight line. Gibrat, Divisia in France and Daeves and Beckel in Germany have shown, that the summation curve of most skew distributions may also be represented as a straight line, if the argument x is traced as log (±x±a), where a is an arbitrarily chosen constant, which may, but need not, represent a physical condition.
Sarah Kelly, Michael Ireland, Frank Alpert and John Mangan
Two studies were undertaken with the aim of determining the nature and prevalence of exposure to alcohol sponsorship communications associated with sport. Study 1 reports a…
Abstract
Two studies were undertaken with the aim of determining the nature and prevalence of exposure to alcohol sponsorship communications associated with sport. Study 1 reports a content analysis of alcohol sponsors' leveraging across popular sporting events. Study 2 examines alcohol sponsors' activation in social media. A high proportion of alcohol sponsorship messages containing content appealing to young adult drinkers are revealed across multiple media. Events and policy implications are addressed.
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XIKUI LI, A.J.L. CROOK and L.P.R. LYONS
The mixed assumed strain approach proposed by Simo and Rifai is used to derive three 8‐noded hexahedral mixed strain elements. The approach is also generalized to geometrically…
Abstract
The mixed assumed strain approach proposed by Simo and Rifai is used to derive three 8‐noded hexahedral mixed strain elements. The approach is also generalized to geometrically non‐linear problems. Based on the Galerkin form of Hu‐Washizu three field variational principle, the Green‐Lagrange strain tensor and the second Piola‐Kirchhoff stress tensor (symmetric) are employed to develop the geometrically non‐linear formulation for 2D and 3D mixed enhanced strain elements. Numerical results are presented to show that the resulting hexahedral mixed strain elements possess all the ideal qualities. They are able to pass the patch test, do not exhibit the false shear phenomena and do not lock for nearly incompressible materials. Also, they are less sensitive to distorted meshes than standard isoparametric elements and exhibit high accuracy for both linear and non‐linear problems, permitting coarse discretizations to be utilized. The elements developed in this paper have been implemented in the general purpose FE package LUSAS.
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M.B. Lai, A. Cavicchi, K. Rickertsen, A.M. Corsi and L. Casini
The Norwegian retail market for alcoholic beverages is controlled by a state monopoly. Wine and other alcoholic beverages above 4.75 per cent alcohol, can only be bought in…
Abstract
Purpose
The Norwegian retail market for alcoholic beverages is controlled by a state monopoly. Wine and other alcoholic beverages above 4.75 per cent alcohol, can only be bought in government stores called The Wine Monopoly (Vinmonopolet in Norwegian) or consumed in hotels, restaurants, bars, pubs, or catering firms. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the Norwegian wine market and present some of the major opportunities and constraints facing foreign producers.
Design/methodology/approach
The objective of this article is twofold: first, to explain the role of the actors in the Norwegian wine market and second, to identify the market opportunities for Italian and other foreign producers. The organisation of the monopoly, the strategies wine producers may use to introduce new wines into the market, and the marketing levers that can be used to utilise the market opportunities are of special interest. The key informant techniques as well as official statistics are used.
Findings
Comparing the outcome of the authors' field research, done during the winter of 2010, with government statistics on wine consumption, it is clear that the competitive environment evolves daily. Consumers' tastes and perceptions play a crucial role in this dynamism.
Originality/value
There have not been many studies of the effects of the alcohol monopoly on the Norwegian market. Therefore, it is of particular interest to investigate the organisation of the Norwegian alcohol monopoly and how wine producers may successfully introduce new wines into this market. This paper makes a positive contribution to the literature in this field, giving some promotion strategies which could be achievable and could work in the Norwegian wine market.
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With the long awaited ratification of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, it appears that plans within Europe to achieve an ‘ever closer union’ are back on track, yet, in the…
Abstract
With the long awaited ratification of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, it appears that plans within Europe to achieve an ‘ever closer union’ are back on track, yet, in the field of illicit drug policy, harmonisation remains as elusive a goal as ever. Sweden and the Netherlands have long provided examples of the different paradigms of drug policy operating within Europe and this article seeks to examine whether, as European Union harmonisation moves forward, recent developments bring the two any closer to convergence on this contentious issue. In addition to changes in Swedish and Dutch drug policy, the progress of the drug policy of other European countries has been evaluated. The article concludes that the Swedes and the Dutch remain ultimately wedded to their national policies and that movement both towards increased repression of drug use and increased liberalisation of drug use can be observed among other European countries. Harmonisation of European drug policy therefore remains in a state of stalemate.
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Zhipeng Liang, Chunju Zhao, Huawei Zhou, Yihong Zhou, Quan Liu, Tao Fang and Fang Wang
The spatial–temporal conflicts in the construction process of concrete arch dams are related to the construction quality and duration, especially for pouring blocks with a…
Abstract
Purpose
The spatial–temporal conflicts in the construction process of concrete arch dams are related to the construction quality and duration, especially for pouring blocks with a continuous high-strength and high-density construction process. Furthermore, the complicated construction technology and limited space resources aggravate the spatial–temporal conflicts in the process of space resource allocation and utilization, directly affecting the pouring quality and progress of concrete. To promote the high-strength, quality-preserving and rapid construction of dams and to clarify the explosion moment and influence degree of the spatial–temporal conflicts of construction machinery during the pouring process, a quantification method and algorithm for a “Conflict Bubble” (CB) between construction machines is proposed based on the “Time–Space Microelement” (TSM).
Design/methodology/approach
First, the concept of a CB is proposed, which is defined as the spatial overlap of different entities in the movement process. The subsidiary space of the entity is divided into three layered spaces: the physical space, safe space and efficiency space from the inside to the outside. Second, the processes of “creation,” “transition” and “disappearance” of the CB at different levels with the movement of the entity are defined as the evolution of the spatial–temporal state of the entity. The mapping relationship between the spatial variation and the running time of the layered space during the movement process is defined as “Time–Space” (TS), which is intended to be processed by a microelement.
Findings
The quantification method and algorithm of the CB between construction machinery are proposed based on the TSM, which realizes the quantification of the physical collision accident rate, security risk rate and efficiency loss rate of the construction machinery at any time point or time period. The risk rate of spatial–temporal conflicts in the construction process was calculated, and the outbreak condition of spatial–temporal conflict in the pouring process was simulated and rehearsed. The quantitative calculation results show that the physical collision accident rate, security risk rate and efficiency loss rate of construction machinery at any time point or time period can be quantified.
Originality/value
This study provides theoretical support for the quantitative evaluation and analysis of the spatial–temporal conflict risk in the pouring construction process. It also serves as a reference for the rational organization and scientific decision-making for pouring blocks and provides new ideas and methods for the safe and efficient construction and the scientific and refined management of dams.
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Alberto Cardona and Alfredo Huespe
Presents an implementation of continuation methods in the context of a code for flexible multibody systems analysis. These systems are characterized by the simultaneous presence…
Abstract
Presents an implementation of continuation methods in the context of a code for flexible multibody systems analysis. These systems are characterized by the simultaneous presence of elastic deformation terms and rigid constraints. In our formulation, the latter terms are introduced by an augmented Lagrangian technique, resulting in the presence of Lagrange multipliers in the set of unknowns, together with displacement and rotation associated terms. Essential aspects for a successful implementation are discussed: e.g. the selection of an appropriate metric for computing the path following constraint, a flexible description of control parameters which accounts for conservative and nonconservative loads, imposed displacements and imposed temperatures (dilatation effects), and the inclusion of second order derivatives of rigid constraints in the Jacobian. A large set of examples is presented, with the objective of evaluating the numerical effectiveness of the implemented schemes.
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Farshad Hashemi Rezvani, Behrouz Behnam, Hamid Reza Ronagh and M. Shahria Alam
The purpose of this paper is to determine the failure progression resistance of the steel moment-resisting frames subjected to various beam-removal scenarios after application of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine the failure progression resistance of the steel moment-resisting frames subjected to various beam-removal scenarios after application of the design earthquake pertinent to the structure by investigating a generic eight-story building.
Design/methodology/approach
The structure is first pushed to arrive at a target roof displacement corresponding to life safety level of performance. To simulate the post-earthquake beam-removal scenario, one of the beam elements is suddenly removed from the structure at a number of different positions. The structural response is then evaluated by using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses.
Findings
The results show that while no failure is observed in all of the scenarios, the vulnerability of the upper stories is much greater than that of the lower stories. In the next step, the structural resistance to such scenarios is determined. The results confirm that for the case study structure, at most, the resistance to failure progression in upper stories is 58 percent more than that of lower stories.
Originality/value
Failure and fracture of beam-to-column connections resulting in removal of beam elements may lead to a chain of subsequent failures in other structural members and eventually lead to progressive collapse in some cases. Deficiency in design or construction process of structures when combined by application of seismic loads may lead to such an event.
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Monica Malhotra, Vaishali Sahu, Amit Srivastava and Anil Kumar Misra
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of presence of buried flexible pipe on the bearing capacity of shallow footing. First, a model study is performed where…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of presence of buried flexible pipe on the bearing capacity of shallow footing. First, a model study is performed where shallow footing model is tested for its load settlement behavior, with and without the existence of buried PVC pipe lying vertically below the base of the footing.
Design/methodology/approach
The experimental set-up consisted of a steel box filled with sand at two different relative density values [RD = 50 per cent (medium dense) and RD = 80 per cent (dense sand)] and vertical load was applied on the model footing through hydraulic jack and reaction frame arrangement connected with a proving ring. Test results are verified numerically using commercially available finite element code PLAXIS 2D. With due verification, a parametric study has been conducted, numerically, by varying the range of input parameters, such as unit weight, angle of internal friction, diameter of buried conduit and the Elastic modulus of the soil to assess the pre cent reduction in the capacity of the foundation soil because of the presence of underlying buried flexible pipe.
Findings
Results show that for each footing, there exists a critical depth below which the presence of the buried conduit has negligible influence on the footing performance. When the conduit is located above the critical depth, the bearing capacity of the footing varies with various factors, such as geotechnical parameters of soil and location and diameter of the buried conduit.
Originality/value
It is an original paper performed to assess the presence of buried flexible pipe on the bearing capacity of the shallow footing.
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Kang Cheng, Xu Riqing, Hong-wei Ying, Lin Cungang and Xiaolu Gan
The purpose of this study is to present a simplified analytical method to estimate ground lateral displacement due to excavation. Excavations of foundation pit will inevitably…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to present a simplified analytical method to estimate ground lateral displacement due to excavation. Excavations of foundation pit will inevitably lead to soil movements that may adversely impact surrounding facilities or structures. Thus, estimation of the ground displacement induced by excavation is essential in engineering practice.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on a theory of elastic mechanics, a simplified analytical method for predicting the ground lateral displacement resulting from foundation pit excavation is proposed.
Findings
As the distance from the soil to the supporting structure increases, the maximum ground lateral displacement decreases nonlinearly but at a reduced rate. Poisson’s ratio of soil has a mild influence on the ground lateral displacement, whereas the influence of the supporting structure’s deflection modes is significant.
Originality/value
The advantage of the proposed simplified analytical method lies in that it considers the supporting structure’s arbitrary deflections, giving it wider practical applicability than previous methods.