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According to the unique style and historical significance, Chinese ancient architecture which has a long history, plays an important role in world architecture. Most of Chinese ancient architecture uses wooden frame as a load-bearing system, however, a unique combination of components has emerged in its development. Due to the well-preserved ancient buildings and a long historical and cultural background of Qijiang ancient town, the paper takes the Qijiang ancient town as an example through field measurement and investigation. The composition of the external environment of the building, architectural characteristics and building monomer composition were analyzed and studied. The unique architectural art charm of Qijiang ancient town was showed. Moreover, the delimitation of the protection scope mainly includes the scope of protected areas and the scope of the construction control zone. Among them, the protected areas are generally divided into key protected areas and general protected areas; the construction control zones are generally divided into Type I of construction control zone and Type II of construction control zones. Ancient buildings are the most existing heritage types in China and are an important part of the immovable cultural relics in China. The group layout of ancient buildings is an important feature in the layout of ancient buildings in China, which is conducive to the realization of the overall protection of heritage.

This paper aims to provide an effective method so that the ultrasonic technique can be applied to the online debris particle detection. It proposes utilizing the waveshape features in discriminating the debris particle in lubricant.

The finite element model has been developed to investigate the scattering of the ultrasonic waves in lubricant containing single scatterer, such as the debris particle and the air bubble. The simulation results show that the results verify that different scatterers differ in the waveshape features. The static experiments were carried out on a specially fixture. The single spherical debris, long debris and air bubble were measured. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) method was applied to the analysis of the echo signals to obtain the features implicated in the waveshape.

The research of this paper verifies that different scatterers differ both in their shape features and in the FFT analysis features.

The rapid movement of the debris particles as well as the lubricant temperature may influence the measuring signals. Besides, the measuring signals are usually corrupted by noise, especially for the tiny debris. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to solve those problems further.

The paper includes implications for the improvement in the online debris detection and the development of the ultrasonic technique applied in online debris detection.

The paper provides a promising way that the ultrasonic waveshape features can be utilized to the identify debris particle online.

Merchant guild culture derives from business practices associated with medieval and early modern merchant guilds. This study aims to investigate the nexus between merchant guild culture and firm internationalization as well as the factors that moderate this nexus.

Based on the distribution of the ten merchant guilds in China and data on Chinese listed companies, this study uses the geographical proximity-based method to measure the intensity of merchant guild culture, which is the nearest distance between the ten merchant guilds’ origins and each firm’s registered address.

This study provides robust evidence that merchant guild culture positively relates to the degree of firm internationalization. It also documents that this nexus is stronger for firms with overseas background executives and those situated in highly marketized regions.

The findings of this study have valuable implications for both governments and firms. Governments can leverage local cultures to promote the internationalization of domestic firms, particularly in emerging economies with rich cultural heritage. Firms can further enhance their internationalization efforts by hiring more executives with overseas backgrounds.

This study advances the imprinting literature, provides a novel perspective on the antecedents of firm internationalization and expands research on the contemporary value of historical business culture.