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Usually, an optimal topology is obtained by optimizing the material distribution within a prescribed domain; for example, a rectangular domain with a specified length and width for a plane problem. However, the dimensions (i.e. aspect ratio) of a rectangular design domain have significant influence on the resultant optimal topology. In this paper, a minimum Averaged Compliance Density (ACD) based method for topology optimization of structures is proposed. Unlike the conventional topology optimization method, the ACD is taken as the objective function, and the topology and domain dimensions of the structure are optimized simultaneously. As an example, the topology of a cantilever beam with large aspect ratio will be optimized, which is often difficult for traditional topology optimization algorithms. Through optimizing the topology and the dimensions of the design domain, a base structure is obtained, which is repeated to yield the whole, assembled beam. The influence of the relative values of shear force and moment is analyzed numerically. Results show that as the value of the bending moment increases relative to the shear force, the optimal topology changes from a truss‐like structure to a vertically stiffened box‐like structure.

This paper aims to check the presence of such relationship in the field. Certain values are at stake for the success of economic behavior. Since the genesis of modern capitalism, a set of beliefs proper of Calvinism (mainly Predestination but also Beruf, inner-worldly asceticism, role of Sects […] ) was said by Max Weber to cause an anxiety about salvation and generate a propensity to economic success as a sign of election. The author argues on the contrary that the Calvinist belief in the Perpetual Assurance of Salvation might cause a sense of self-efficacy able to favor economic success. To observe this in action today, it is crucial to consider the evolution that the Protestant ethic went through migrating first in North America and, finally, through the Protestant revival of China. Wenzhou is called “Jerusalem of China” for its large Protestant community that is also strongly involved in business. Some scholar already pointed out the presence among those entrepreneurs of this Protestant ethic (Yi Xiang, Boss-Christian […]).

The data presented in this comparative qualitative study pertain to ethnographic observations, job-shadowing and interviews done among Chinese Christian and non-Christian entrepreneurs from Wenzhou living in Milan, Italy.

The results show, with some adjustments, the presence of a Chinese version of the Protestant ethic overlapping with several values proper to the Chinese context (Confucianism, lineage, social network). The extension of the study to other cases must be done with caution considering the non-causal justificatory role of the belief.

Successful entrepreneurship involves specific social, cultural and even religious aspects that move beyond mere business strategies.

This paper aims to improve the meshing effect of the gear teeth. It is recommended to analyze the deformation difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the flexspline. The purpose of this paper is to modify the profile of the flexspline based on the deformation difference to improve the transmission accuracy and operating life of the harmonic drive.

In this paper, ring theory is used to calculate the deformation difference of the inner and outer surfaces of the flexspline, and the actual tooth profile of the flexspline is corrected based on the deformation difference. Then, the flexspline is divided into multiple sections along the axial direction, so that the three-dimensional tooth profile of the flexspline is modified to improve the gear tooth meshing effect.

This paper proves the effect of the deformation difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the flexspline on the tooth backlash, which affects the transmission accuracy and life of the harmonic drive. It is recommended to modify the tooth profile of the flexspline based on the deformation difference, so as to ensure the tooth meshing effect.

This paper provides a new way for the optimization of the three-dimensional tooth profile design of the harmonic drive.