Search results

Insoluble residues may be formed for a number of reasons as a result of flux‐solder‐conductor reactions occurring during the crucial operation of soldering, in which both metals and fluxes are molten and at elevated temperatures. The consequences can be serious, since corrosion of joints may be aggravated, coatings may not adhere or bridging between conductors may occur. One such residue, which was formed during defluxing of printed circuits with a commercial methanol‐fluorocarbon solvent, has been characterised in some detail. It appears to be a tin abiate complex which remains insoluble in most solvents except organic amides.

Variable‐pitch airscrews driven through multiple speed gear boxes are controlled by a single lever to provide in one position high speed and fine pitch and in another position a lower speed and coarser pitch. The epicyclic gearing includes an annulus wheel B1 driven from the crankshaft and a series of double planet wheels B2 carried in a frame B3 rigid with an axial extension B4 of the airscrew hub A1. The series of planet gears mesh with sun wheels C, C2 respectively on sleeves C1 and C3 which are adapted to be clutched to the fixed casing D by clutches D1, D2 movable into position by a ring D3 which is actuated by a ring E, which through pivots and levers is movable by a piston K in a cylinder K1 which is coupled by pipes J3, G4 through a control valve H1 with a pressure supply. Branch pipes G3, J2 pass to compartments in the hollow shaft and thence to a cylinder F3 coupled to the blade roots for varying the pitch. The valve H1 is controlled from the cockpit through levers H2, H3.

Thermoanalytical spectra of the components of a typical rosin based flux and the interactions of the components with each other, the substrate and the solder are presented. The study includes heating rates up to those experienced in typical soldering operations.

Visible surface residues, commonly referred to as white residues, on soldered printed circuit assemblies are a very common but intermittent and unpredictable problem. Such residues, which are insoluble in normal solvents, are generally a rejectable condition. The chemistry of the deposition of white residues is complex; the deposits themselves are of a number of types and origins, and their incidence is associated with both materials and process parameters. This paper attempts to identify the different causes of the problem and suggest ways in which avoidance or removal is possible.

This chapter explores how the development of football fandom for the Chinese national team and local football clubs is strongly associated with societal changes. Although the performances of Chinese football teams, especially the national team, have failed to impress the world, football remains the most popular because of millions of supporters with loyalty and passion. Most studies related to fans mainly focus on the economic and political implications of spectatorship along with the rise of China. Nevertheless, few articles are available to answer the fundamental questions, such as ‘When did these supporters come out?’ and ‘What were the factors of the development of fandom?’. By going through archival records and published documents over the last decades, this chapter offers a comprehensive and historical analysis of the development of football fandom in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and deals with these unanswered questions. As such, this chapter does not intend to be the most authoritative one but is one of the rare sources to lay down the foundation for research on Chinese football fandom. Furthermore, this chapter also proves that studies on football fandom can be a useful window for observing Chinese society.

The objective of this work is to analyze the necessary conditions for chaotic behavior with fractional order and fractal dimension values of the fractal-fractional operator.

The numerical technique based on the fractal-fractional derivative is implemented over the fractional model and analyzes the condition at the distinct values of fractional order and fractal dimension.

The obtained numerical solution from the numerical technique is analyzed at distinct fractional order and fractal dimension values, and it has been figured out that the behavior of the solution either chaotic or non-chaotic agrees with the condition.

The necessary condition is associated with the fractional order only. So, our work not only studies the condition with fractional order but also examines the model by simultaneously adjusting fractal dimension values. It is found that the model still has chaotic or non-chaotic behavior at certain fractal dimension values and fractional order values corresponding to the condition.

This study aims to add to the understanding of the interactive nature of brand love by using a multilayer perspective that incorporates individual, group and societal contexts.

The qualitative empirical study uses abductive reasoning. Its theories and conclusions are grounded in naturally occurring data from an online brand community. The approach revealed new interactive processes of brand love.

This study extends our understanding of the interactive nature of brand love by adopting a layered perspective incorporating micro- (individual), meso- (in-group), macro- (in-group vs out-group) and mega-layer (societal) social dynamics that complements the predominant focus on individual psychological processes. It challenges the linear, monodirectional trajectory approach to brand love, suggesting that brand love is in constant flux as individuals move across the layers in their identification with the brand.

This study provides data from one destination brand in Finland. Future studies could consider other types of brands and contexts in other countries and cultures.

This study shows brand managers that brand lovers can be divided into subgroups with distinct drivers of their love to which brand managers should attend.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to describe the interactive nature of brand love through interactions between and within four layers of brand love. Furthermore, this study enhances our understanding of the contradictory aspects of brand love.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of title risks on property prices to establish the associated title risk-price premiums across property types and the moderating effect of occupation strategies for informal transactions.

Based on household survey data on transactions for 1,514 residential properties in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania, binomial logistic regression models were implemented to predict pre-purchase transaction risks. The results of which were used as inputs in mixed effect models to examine the effect of the predicted title risks on (2,010 constant) purchase price for three-bedrooms finished and unfinished housing units and 400 m² plots.

Although legal titles have positive overall title risk-price premiums, such premiums hardly accrue from transactions involving finished houses and marginally accrue from vacant plots transactions. On average, unfinished housing purchasers are title risk-averse, “vacant plots” purchasers are title risk-neutral, while “finished housing” purchasers are title risk-lovers.

The sample composition does not include developer-built housing units, the inclusion of which may sway results away from the observations of this study.

Titling alone can hardly be used as a property market stimuli (eliminate transaction risks) unless the market is dominated by unfinished houses.

Existing studies consider neither traded housing products nor pre-purchase transaction risks or consider only one of the two, thus leaving a gap in the literature for which this study sought to bridge. Researchers must incorporate both to arrive at a well-informed conclusion on the potential risks as well as prices achievable in each transaction.