This paper deals with the report collection of one of the largest Divisions of ICI. Mond Division was formed by the merger of the Alkali and General Chemical Divisions of ICI in…
Abstract
This paper deals with the report collection of one of the largest Divisions of ICI. Mond Division was formed by the merger of the Alkali and General Chemical Divisions of ICI in January 1964. It is organized into five Product Groups to manufacture a variety of inorganic and organic chemicals on a very large tonnage basis.
R.M. Duchesne and A.B. Phillips
This report presents the results of a survey of UK university libraries carried out in October/November 1970 by the Aslib Computer Applications Group on behalf of Aslib, SCONUL…
Abstract
This report presents the results of a survey of UK university libraries carried out in October/November 1970 by the Aslib Computer Applications Group on behalf of Aslib, SCONUL, and the National Libraries ADP Study. Questionnaire response was obtained from 61 libraries, and the survey may be regarded as having effectively complete coverage of all UK university libraries with computer applications. The broad picture presented is of widespread mechanisation of the housekeeping rather than the information retrieval type. Over 60% of libraries had one or more applications; over 60% of all applications were in the cataloguing area, as distinct from the areas of acquisition, circulation and miscellaneous applications. Five libraries plan to have a fairly comprehensive range of applications by 1972. The amount of effort going into library automation is formidable, equivalent to the effort of (very approximately) 50 full‐time persons divided roughly equally between library staff and system analysts/programmers. This is only UK university library effort: a fraction of total UK library automation effort. This raises the question of the degree of communication, cooperation and coordination between projects, and it is noted that really significant cooperation tends to take place only with central encouragement and support. It is concluded that the speed of growth of the exchange and use of machine readable bibliographic records will be proportional to the amount of support and initiative provided by central organisations such as the British Library.
Tino Bech-Larsen and Laura Kazbare
The purpose of this paper is to describe two exploratory studies of how experience (lacking, failed, or successful) of trying to implement healthy eating behaviours influences…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe two exploratory studies of how experience (lacking, failed, or successful) of trying to implement healthy eating behaviours influences future intentions to maintain and expand such behaviours (so called “spillover”).
Design/methodology/approach
The two survey-based (n=2,120) studies involved Danes aged 13-15 and 55-70 years, respectively.
Findings
The studies showed that the self-reported experience of successfully increasing the intake of healthy (fruit and vegetables) and decreasing the intake of less healthy (soft drinks and animal fats) categories had spillover effects on the intention to pursue these behaviours in the future. For all the categories included, the intentions of the respondents who had tried and succeeded were significantly higher than those of the other respondents. The intentions of the group who had tried but failed were also significantly higher compared to those of the non-triers. Moreover, whether successful or not, both the experience of trying to increase the intake of healthy and to reduce the intake of less healthy food had a significant positive influence on the intention to try the opposite type of behaviour in the future. Healthy (fruit and vegetables) and decreasing the intake of less healthy (soft drinks and animal fats) categories had spillover effects on the intention to pursue these behaviours in the future. For all the categories included, the intentions of the respondents who had tried and succeeded were significantly higher than those of the other respondents. The intentions of the group who had tried but failed were also significantly higher compared to those of the non-triers. Moreover, whether successful or not, both the experience of trying to increase the intake of healthy and to reduce the intake of less healthy food had a significant positive influence on the intention to try the opposite type of behaviour in the future.
Originality/value
As regards spillover between approach and avoidance behaviours related to healthy eating, only few studies have been published. The studies reported here contribute to the understanding of how experience with different types of healthy eating affect future intentions to change eating habits and provides insight for health promoters in their choice of which specific eating behaviours to address.
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Han Z. Li, Huisheng Sun, Zhenqi Liu, Yu Zhang and Qingchun Cheng
The purpose of this paper is to find out the anti‐smoking counselling frequency and its correlates in a sample of Chinese physicians.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to find out the anti‐smoking counselling frequency and its correlates in a sample of Chinese physicians.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, 268 physicians in Baoding, a city near Beijing, filled out a questionnaire asking about their own smoking status, their anti‐smoking behaviors as well as their opinions on how to reduce cigarette smoking in China.
Findings
The paper finds that 54 percent of the male and 8.4 percent of the female physicians were current cigarette smokers. When asked whether they had counselled their patients about cigarette smoking in the past year, 43.7 percent answered “always”; 38.1 percent “often”; 13.1 percent “sometimes”; 2.6 percent “occasionally”, and 2.6 percent said: “not much”. However, only 9.0 percent said that they were “very successful”. Physicians' anti‐smoking counselling practices were highly correlated with their own smoking status; whether they perceived their past anti‐smoking activities as successful; whether they thought that they should set examples by not smoking; whether they felt that they had the responsibility to help patients and whether they perceived themselves as influential in persuading patients to quit smoking.
Practical implications
The paper shows that messages aimed at increasing Chinese physicians' anti‐smoking counselling should appeal to their responsibility, exemplary role, and unique influence on patients' health‐related behaviors.
Originality/value
The paper adds to the few studies on Chinese physicians' cigarette smoking behavior and their anti‐smoking activities. In a country where cigarette smoking is a way of life among males, and few people are aware of the health consequences of cigarette smoking, physicians' efforts can be a spearhead to a cessation campaign.
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Han Zao Li, Yu Zhang, Karen MacDonell, Xiao Ping Li and Xinguang Chen
The main purpose of this study is to determine the cigarette smoking rate and smoking cessation counseling frequency in a sample of Chinese nurses.
Abstract
Purpose
The main purpose of this study is to determine the cigarette smoking rate and smoking cessation counseling frequency in a sample of Chinese nurses.
Design/methodology/approach
At the time of data collection, the hospital had 260 nurses, 255 females and five males. The 200 nurses working on the two daytime shifts were given the questionnaires; none refused to participate, reaching a response rate of 100 percent. All the participants were females as the five male nurses were working in the operation rooms at the time of data collection, are were thus not accessible.
Findings
Some key findings include: only two nurses, out of 200, identified themselves as current cigarette smokers; all provided anti‐smoking counseling to patients, the majority of them did not think their efforts were successful; cigarette smoking is a problem in China: the nurses estimated that 80 percent of male and 10 percent of female patients were current smokers; in the opinions of the nurses, Chinese smokers used smoking as a stress reliever and a social lubricant; two methods may help smokers to quit or reduce smoking: using aids such as patches, acupuncture and nicotine gum, and counseling by health professionals; the nurses think that cigarette smoking is well accepted in the Chinese culture.
Practical implications
Findings of this research suggest that the Chinese Ministry of Health should take measures to change the cultural norms and values regarding cigarette smoking including strict rules be imposed on not passing/sharing cigarettes in the workplace.
Originality/value
In a collectivistic culture such as China where opinions of authorities are respected, the part of nurses, who represent health authority to their patients, in assisting patients to quit or reduce smoking cannot be overemphasized. This study adds to the scarce research on Chinese nurses' role in helping patients' smoking cessation efforts.
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Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way…
Abstract
Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way of using the law in specific circumstances, and shows the variations therein. Sums up that arbitration is much the better way to gok as it avoids delays and expenses, plus the vexation/frustration of normal litigation. Concludes that the US and Greek constitutions and common law tradition in England appear to allow involved parties to choose their own judge, who can thus be an arbitrator. Discusses e‐commerce and speculates on this for the future.
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Mia Hsiao-Wen Ho and Pervez N. Ghauri
Learning through international strategic alliances is usually influenced by dispersed locations and cultural difference between the countries of the two firms. This research…
Abstract
Learning through international strategic alliances is usually influenced by dispersed locations and cultural difference between the countries of the two firms. This research highlights the importance of contextual factors on learning through international strategic alliances. Based on an empirical study of 271 alliances, our findings reveal that successful alliance learning not only depends on the partner’s openness to share knowledge but also relies on the firm’s capacity to identify and absorb such knowledge. Institutional differences between the countries from where partner firms originate are considered to hinder the alliance learning by decreasing the firm’s absorptive capacity and by enhancing knowledge ambiguity. However, our research suggests that frequent direct communication and high levels of mutual trust and reciprocal commitment between partner firms positively moderate the noxious effects of institutional differences on the alliance learning process.