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Publication date: 16 July 2015

Patricia Goodson

This chapter introduces readers to a complex adaptive systems approach for integrating research on genes, behavior, and social structures/institutions. Until recently, scientists…

Abstract

Purpose

This chapter introduces readers to a complex adaptive systems approach for integrating research on genes, behavior, and social structures/institutions. Until recently, scientists have resorted to reductionism as a decoding and epistemological strategy for understanding human health. The complex bonds among health’s biological, behavioral, and social dimensions, however, cannot be fully grasped with reductionist schemas. Moreover, because reducing and simplifying can lead to incomplete understanding of phenomena, the resulting deficient knowledge has the potential to be harmful.

Methodology/approach

To achieve its purpose, this primer will: (1) introduce fundamental notions from complexity science, useful for inquiry and practice integrating research on genes, behavior, and social structures; (2) outline selected methodological strategies employed in studying complex adaptive/dynamic systems; (3) address the question, “Specifically, how can a dynamic systems approach be helpful for integrating research on genes, behavior, and social structures/institutions, to improve the public’s health?”; and (4) provide examples of studies currently deploying a complexity perspective.

Originality/value

The originality/value of this primer rests in its critique of the research status quo and the proposition of an alternative lens for integrating genomic, biomedical, and sociological research to improve the public’s health. The topic of complex adaptive/dynamic systems has begun to flourish within sociology, medicine, and public health, but many researchers lack exposure to the topic’s basic notions and applications.

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Genetics, Health and Society
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78350-581-4

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Publication date: 12 December 2022

Larry R. Hearld and Daan Westra

Networked forms of organizing in health care are increasingly viewed as an effective means of addressing “wicked”, multifaceted health and societal challenges. This is because…

Abstract

Networked forms of organizing in health care are increasingly viewed as an effective means of addressing “wicked”, multifaceted health and societal challenges. This is because networks attempt to address these challenges via collaborative approaches in which diverse stakeholders together define the problem(s) and implement solutions. Consequently, there has been a sharp increase in the number and types of networks used in health care. Despite this growth, our understanding of how these networks are governed has not kept pace. The purpose of this chapter is to chart a research agenda for scholars who are interested in studying health care network governance (i.e., the systems of rules and decision-making within networks), which is of particular importance in deliberate networks between organizations. We do so based on our knowledge of the literature and interviews with subject matter experts, both of which are used to identify core network governance concepts that represent gaps in our current knowledge. Our analysis identified various conceptualizations of networks and of their governance, as well as four primary knowledge gaps: “bread and butter” studies of network governance in health care, the role of single organizations in managing health care networks, governance through the life-cycle stages of health care networks, and governing across the multiple levels of health care networks. We first seek to provide some conceptual clarity around networks and network governance. Subsequently, we describe some of the challenges that researchers may confront while addressing the associated knowledge gaps and potential ways to overcome these challenges.

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Responding to the Grand Challenges in Health Care via Organizational Innovation
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80382-320-1

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1986

D.A. Luke

In through‐hole plated double‐sided and multilayer printed circuit boards, electroplated copper forms the main electrically conductive path on hole walls. To ensure high…

92

Abstract

In through‐hole plated double‐sided and multilayer printed circuit boards, electroplated copper forms the main electrically conductive path on hole walls. To ensure high reliability of electrical connection during component assembly, soldering and subsequent service, the properties of process solutions and deposits must be controlled. This paper discusses the methods of measuring and controlling copper plating processing parameters to achieve the optimum deposit properties. Plating pre‐treatment is discussed also as this can influence significantly process performance.

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Circuit World, vol. 13 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

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Article
Publication date: 1 October 1960

D.J. Johns and P.C. Parks

The effect of structural damping on panel flutter has received little treatment in the literature but the available information suggests that such an effect may be destabilizing…

132

Abstract

The effect of structural damping on panel flutter has received little treatment in the literature but the available information suggests that such an effect may be destabilizing. By considering a two‐dimensional, simply‐supported panel and using linear piston theory for the aerodynamic forces an analysis is presented in which the effect of hysteretic structural damping is considered. The main emphasis is on flat unbuckled panels, although a brief investigation of buckled panels is also presented, and it is concluded that there is an interdependence of structural and aerodynamic damping, which in the range of Mach numbers for which piston theory is valid, shows the destabilizing effect of structural damping. This effect is apparently more pronounced at high altitudes. A comprehensive bibliography of panel flutter is also included.

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Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 32 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1989

D.A. Luke

Alloys deposited from plating solutions vary in composition with changes in solution constituents and processing parameters. With the increasing demand on miniaturisation and…

32

Abstract

Alloys deposited from plating solutions vary in composition with changes in solution constituents and processing parameters. With the increasing demand on miniaturisation and quality of subsequent solder joints made to plated tin‐lead alloys, it is important to ensure stable deposit composition and also to know to what extent changes in operating conditions will affect the composition. This paper examines the major causes of changes in composition of deposits plated from solutions based on fluoboric acid and organic sulphonic acid. The methods available for measuring the deposit composition are also discussed.

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Circuit World, vol. 15 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

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Book part
Publication date: 3 September 2015

Aimée X. Delaney

The present study sought to determine whether or not there is an association between contextual effects of violent socialization on violent youth behavior across different nations.

Abstract

Purpose

The present study sought to determine whether or not there is an association between contextual effects of violent socialization on violent youth behavior across different nations.

Design/Methodology/Approach

The data in this study derive from the International Dating Violence Study, a dataset of over 17,000 college students collected in 32 different nations. Variables consist of various scales from the Personal Relationship Profile that focuses on experiences and behaviors occurring prior to age 15 years, as well as national indicators of violence. Multilevel modeling analysis was used to analyze the data.

Findings

The results indicate two important findings. First, violent socialization significantly varies across different national contexts and this contextual effect accounts for a significant proportion of variation in youth violence. Second, violent socialization, both within individual families and as a contextual effect within different nations, is significantly associated with increases in violent youth behavior across the nations.

Research Limitations/Implications

The International Dating Violence Study is a cross-sectional convenience sample of college students, which is not representative of specific nations nor college students. Further, the present study classifies nations as a “community” rather than explore microlevel communities within a nation. Future research should focus on examining variation of area specific norms for subsets of communities within nations with representative samples of a general population.

Originality/Value

The present study appears to be one of the first published studies offering empirical evidence for international research on the theoretical argument of the contextual effects of violence within a nation, and begins to increase knowledge among criminologists of such contextual factors being associated with youth violent behavior across different nations.

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Violence and Crime in the Family: Patterns, Causes, and Consequences
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78560-262-7

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Book part
Publication date: 2 November 2009

Sean T. Doherty

Health scientists and urban planners have long been interested in the influence that the built environment has on the physical activities in which we engage, the environmental…

Abstract

Health scientists and urban planners have long been interested in the influence that the built environment has on the physical activities in which we engage, the environmental hazards we face, the kinds of amenities we enjoy, and the resulting impacts on our health. However, it is widely recognized that the extent of this influence, and the specific cause-and-effect relationships that exist, are still relatively unclear. Recent reviews highlight the need for more individual-level data on daily activities (especially physical activity) over long periods of time linked spatially to real-world characteristics of the built environment in diverse settings, along with a wide range of personal mediating variables. While capturing objective data on the built environment has benefited from wide-scale availability of detailed land use and transport network databases, the same cannot be said of human activity. A more diverse history of data collection methods exists for such activity and continues to evolve owing to a variety of quickly emerging wearable sensor technologies. At present, no “gold standard” method has emerged for assessing physical activity type and intensity under the real-world conditions of the built environment; in fact, most methods have barely been tested outside of the laboratory, and those that have tend to experience significant drops in accuracy and reliability. This paper provides a review of these diverse methods and emerging technologies, including biochemical, self-report, direct observation, passive motion detection, and integrated approaches. Based on this review and current needs, an integrated three-tiered methodology is proposed, including: (1) passive location tracking (e.g., using global positioning systems); (2) passive motion/biometric tracking (e.g., using accelerometers); and (3) limited self-reporting (e.g., using prompted recall diaries). Key development issues are highlighted, including the need for proper validation and automated activity-detection algorithms. The paper ends with a look at some of the key lessons learned and new opportunities that have emerged at the crossroads of urban studies and health sciences.

We do have a vision for a world in which people can walk to shops, school, friends' homes, or transit stations; in which they can mingle with their neighbors and admire trees, plants, and waterways; in which the air and water are clean; and in which there are parks and play areas for children, gathering spots for teens and the elderly, and convenient work and recreation places for the rest of us. (Frumkin, Frank, & Jackson, 2004, p. xvii)

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Transport Survey Methods
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-84-855844-1

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Book part
Publication date: 16 June 2017

Dafna Merom and Robert Korycinski

The mid-1990s marked a paradigm shift in the way physical activity is promoted, and walking is now considered the most suitable type of physical activity for widespread promotion…

Abstract

The mid-1990s marked a paradigm shift in the way physical activity is promoted, and walking is now considered the most suitable type of physical activity for widespread promotion. Accurate measurement underpins public health practice, hence the aims of this chapter are to: (1) provide a typology for the measurement of walking; (2) review methods to assess walking; (3) present challenges in defining walking measures; (4) identify issues in selecting instruments for the evaluation of walking and (5) discuss current efforts to overcome measurement challenges and methodological limitations. The taxonomy of walking indicates that secondary purpose walking is a more complex set of behaviours than primary purpose walks. It has many purposes and no specific domain or intensity, may lack regularity, and therefore poses greater measurement challenges. Objective measurement methods, such as accelerometers, pedometers, smartphones and other electronic devices, have shown good approximation for walking energy expenditure, but are indirect methods of walking assessment. Global Positioning System technology, the ‘Smartmat’ and radio-frequency identification tags are potential objective methods that can distinguish walkers, but also require complex analysis, are costly, and still need their measurement properties corroborated. Subjective direct methods, such as questionnaires, diaries and direct observation, provide the richest information on walking, especially short-term diaries, such as trip records and time use records, and are particularly useful for assessing secondary purpose walking. A unifying measure for health research, surveillance and health promotion would strongly advance the understanding of the impact of walking on health.

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Walking
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78714-628-0

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1988

D.A. Luke

To permit multilayer ceramic capacitors to be soldered directly onto printed circuit boards and other components, the terminations are plated with a barrier layer (usually nickel…

24

Abstract

To permit multilayer ceramic capacitors to be soldered directly onto printed circuit boards and other components, the terminations are plated with a barrier layer (usually nickel) followed by either pure tin or a tin‐lead alloy. Pertinent properties of deposits and solutions are discussed and these include deposit thickness requirements, internal stress, solderability, effects of cross‐contamination, variations of tin‐lead composition with operating parameters and effluent treatment.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 5 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

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Book part
Publication date: 20 July 2023

Claire Sinnema, Alan J. Daly, Joelle Rodway, Darren Hannah, Rachel Cann and Yi-Hwa Liou

Abstract

Details

Improving the Relational Space of Curriculum Realisation: Social Network Interventions
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80382-513-7

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