Rocco R. Vanasco, Clifford R. Skousen and Curtis C. Verschoor
Professional accounting associations in various countries andgovernmental and other quasi‐official bodies have played an importantrole not only in the evolution of internal…
Abstract
Professional accounting associations in various countries and governmental and other quasi‐official bodies have played an important role not only in the evolution of internal control reporting on a global scale, but also in educating management, investors, financial institutions, accountants, auditors, and other interested parties highlighting the pervasiveness of the effects of a sound internal control structure in corporate reporting as well as other aspects of an organization′s success. These associations include the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), the General Accounting Office (GAO), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Cadbury Committee, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales (ICAEW), the Scottish Institute of Chartered Accountants (SICA), the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA), and others. Business failures, management fraud, corporate misconduct, international bribery, and notorious business scandals in all sectors of business have prompted the US government to take drastic action on internal control reporting to safeguard public interest. Several professional and government committees were formed to study this precarious situation: the Treadway Commission, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission, the Packard Commission, the Cohen Commission, the Adams Commission in Canada, the Cadbury Committee in the UK, and others. The principal motivation for the changing dynamics has been growing public pressure for greater corporate accountability. The government′s pressure on the accounting profession and management of public corporations has been pivotal in spearheading internal control reporting. Examines the role of professional associations, governmental agencies, and others in promulgating standards for internal control reporting, and the impact of legislation on this aspect of internal auditing in the USA and worldwide.
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Rocco R. Vanasco, Clifford R. Skousen and Richard L. Jenson
Auditors gather evidence to formulate their judgment on financial statements and in assessing the risk factors concerning the company under audit. Examines the role played by the…
Abstract
Auditors gather evidence to formulate their judgment on financial statements and in assessing the risk factors concerning the company under audit. Examines the role played by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in developing auditing standards concerning audit evidence. Significant court and SEC cases relating to audit evidence are described and issues discussed.
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Rocco R. Vanasco, Clifford R. Skousen and L. Roger Santagato
Examines the role of professional associations and governments in developing and promulgating standards to foster auditor independence. Presents a survey of countries which showed…
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Examines the role of professional associations and governments in developing and promulgating standards to foster auditor independence. Presents a survey of countries which showed that many had taken steps to enhance auditor independence. Governments of several countries had implemented professional audit standards sanctioned by their professional accounting associations dealing with auditor independence. In many countries independent auditors may be censured and even expelled from their respective professional associations for violations of their codes of ethics. The survey also showed that cultural differences limit the effectiveness of international reliance on auditor independence.
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Practising internal and external auditors regularly find that crucial concepts governing how they operate are the twin terms of independence and objectivity. Part of the problem…
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Practising internal and external auditors regularly find that crucial concepts governing how they operate are the twin terms of independence and objectivity. Part of the problem is that the two terms are often equated. The impact can be conflict with the auditee, misunderstanding with other stakeholders, impairment of efficiency and effectiveness, and role conflict within the internal audit department. The Institute of Internal Auditors is reviewing some of the cherished notions of internal audit in the light of pressures and developments in the business environment. It has already produced a new definition of internal auditing, which, as before, includes the terms independence and objectivity. Consistently, it decided to re‐evaluate these two terms, and established an international research team. This was the briefing submission from the UK, which was highly influential in determining the final product, not yet in the public domain. It considers professional statements and standards, research and developments in both internal and external auditing.
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Jun Seong Ho and James B. Lewis
Since 1997, a quantitative revolution has swept Korean economic history and generated a new paradigm. From 1700 to 1900 the Korean economy expanded and contracted along lines…
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Since 1997, a quantitative revolution has swept Korean economic history and generated a new paradigm. From 1700 to 1900 the Korean economy expanded and contracted along lines suggested by Adam Smith. Economic expansion was based on productive land and a stable commodity market. The direct result was high real skilled wages. Economic contraction became clear from the mid-nineteenth century when the value of land declined, commodity prices rose, and real skilled wages fell. The contraction was apparent before the appearance of Japanese imperialism and the absorption of Korea into the international commodity market after 1876.