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The purpose of this paper is to explore how flood management practitioners rationalise the emergence of sustainable flood management. Key to this analysis are differences rooted in assumptions over what flood management is and should do.

The popularity of natural flood management offers a case with which to explore how a dominant framing persists and how individuals at the government-public interface negotiate different visions of future flood management. The authors draw on the perceptions of flood experts, elucidating a deep hold amongst a professional community “grounded” in science and economics, but also their desire to innovate and become more open to innovative practices.

The authors show how the idea of “sustainable” and “natural” flood management are understood by those doing flood management, which is with reference to pre-existing technical practices.

This paper explores the views of expert decision making, which suffers from challenges associated with small sample size. As such, the findings must be tempered, but with recognition for the influence of a small group of individuals who determine the nature of flood management in Scotland.

The authors conclude that, in the context of this study, a technical framing persists by predetermining the criteria by which innovative techniques are judged.

Broadly, these findings contribute to debates over the evolution of flood management regimes. This recognises the importance of events while also emphasising the preparations that shape the context and norms of the flood management community between events.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel technique for printing with multiple materials using the DLP method. Digital-light-processing (DLP) printing uses a digital projector to selectively cure a full layer of resin using a mask image. One of the challenges with DLP printing is the difficulty of incorporating multiple materials within the same part. As the part is cured within a liquid basin, resin switching introduces issues of cross-contamination and significantly increased print time.

The material handling challenges are investigated and addressed by taking inspiration from automated storage and retrieval systems and using an active cleaning solution. The material tower is a compact design to facilitate the storage and retrieval of different materials during the printing process. A spray mechanism is used for actively cleaning excess resin from the part between material changes.

Challenges encountered within the multi-material DLP technology are addressed and the experimental prototype validates the proposed solution. The system has a cleaning effectiveness of over 90 per cent in 15 s with the build area of 72 inches, in contrast to the previous work of 50 per cent cleaning effectiveness in 2 min with only 6 inches build area. The method can also hold more materials than the previous work.

The techniques from automated storage and retrieval system is applied to develop a storage system so that the time complexity of swapping is reduced from linear to constant. The whole system is sustainable and scalable by using a spraying mechanism. The design of the printer is modular and highly customizable, and the material waste for build materials and cleaning solution is minimized.

Powder coatings based on Kynar PVDF for longer lasting exterior building designs. The Dutch company Sigma Coatings B.V., manufacturers of protective architectural coatings for buildings, has developed a new powder coating system for aluminium profiles and cladding. It is based on Pennwalt's Kynar PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) already known for its use in long lasting exterior finishes. These fluoropolymer based paints have, until now, been applied as a wet spray. Sigma has now made it possible to apply PVDF as a powder coating and claim to be the first to bring it to the commercial market.

This study aims to introduce, explicate, offer a framework and provide future research directions for a phenomenon herein named rogue marketing. Rogue marketing is explored vis-à-vis a phenomenon that occurred over the summer of 2019 with a new product category, hard seltzers. It is proposed that rogue marketing occurs when an unaffiliated individual creates and posts an informal message about a brand on social media that becomes viral. Although the post is not funded or endorsed by the company that owns the brand, reaching viral status results in free and unexpected advertising (positive or negative).

Rogue marketing is first explored through a comparative analysis with company produced advertisements. Then, the company’s response to rogue marketing is gauged through both qualitative and quantitative data. The sample of 210 respondents was recruited from students enrolled in college hospitality courses and through posts made on social media.

Rogue marketing is found to be somewhat more compelling than company produced advertisements and those who found the rogue marketing message more compelling had stronger sentiments regarding the company’s response.

This exploratory study of rogue marketing provides a conceptualization and starting framework for future research concerning this phenomenon.

Rogue marketing is a new phenomenon and is distinct from influencer marketing and viral marketing in its characteristics. Additionally, the company’s response to rogue marketing messages may influence behavioral outcomes.

The purpose of this study is to develop laboratory techniques to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of salt neutralizer (SN) solutions in the corrosion protection of metal alloys associated with winter maintenance equipment.

The corrosion resistance of alloys A36, B36 and B152 treated with SNs was evaluated by accelerated corrosion testing (ASTM B117) and electrochemical polarization curves. Characterization of inhibition solutions was performed by contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Salt neutralizer systems act as mixed inhibitors in acidic media by changing the corrosion resistance ability of metal alloys because of the adsorption of surfactant molecules through their hydrophilic heads. The correlation of the corrosion rate of metal alloys and the inhibitor efficiency showed the influence of the SN type, its concentration, its effective adsorption constant and its contact angle on the alloy surface. Salt neutralizers with higher manufacturer’s recommended wash concentrations (MRWC) to critical wash concentration ratio, lower contact angle on the alloy surface and higher K_eff were more successful at preventing corrosion on the alloys tested.

The results of this work provide, for the first time, both quantitative and qualitative information of the properties of washing techniques in the use of effective cleaning strategies for protecting winter maintenance equipment from corrosion. Other state departments of transportation facing similar weather conditions will be benefited by identifying measures and techniques to increase the corrosion resistance of their equipment assets.

In 1971 a government sponsored committee issued a report in which it was conservatively estimated that the cost of corrosion in the United Kingdom was £1,365,000,000 per year, which represented 1.5% of the gross national product. It was also stated that by making better use of current knowledge and existing techniques a saving of about £310,000,000 per annum could be achieved.

Mr. Michael Dowdall, formerly chairman of Lever, France, has been appointed chairman of BOCM Silcock Ltd. He succeeds Mr. Christopher Jemmett, now appointed a member of Unilever's Overseas Committee.

This article aims to explore the risk characteristics associated with food hazards on the island of Ireland and to assess how the public deal with perceived risks.

A qualitative investigation involving 12 focus groups was conducted on the island of Ireland. Content analysis was undertaken, with the assistance of the qualitative software tool QSR N6.

Four hazard categories (lifestyle, (bio)technological, microbiological and farm orientated production) were identified and the risk characteristics and risk relieving strategies associated with these hazards were explored. The risk perceptions of respondents were consistent with those defined by the psychometric paradigm. The risk characteristics of knowledge, control, dread, harm to health, freedom of choice, ease to identify were all mentioned, but their importance differed greatly depending on the hazards. For example, in the case of lifestyle hazards, personalisation of the risk, and thus dread, occurred when the individual had a health scare, while with microbiological hazards, knowledge and familiarity resulted in increased confidence in ability to cope with the hazard in the home. The media was noted as having an influential role in individual risk assessment. Finally, changing lifestyles were seen as contributing to increasing the level of exposure to food risks among the population. Further investigation into the sources and consequences of these changing lifestyles is required to guide future food policy.

The number of focus group conducted and the qualitative nature of the research limits the degree to which generalised conclusions can be drawn.

These results provide a deeper qualitative understanding of risk perception issues.

The ecological decline of ancient Near Eastern civilizations and the violent and explosive characteristics of post‐Columbian colonial ecologies might well remain comfortably remote from us in our twentieth century world were it not for the disturbing parallels that such case histories seem to evoke as we consider our contemporary global circumstance. Just as in ancient times and in the age of colonial expansion, it is in the “remote environments,” usually quite distant from the centers of power, that the crucial indicators of environmental catastrophe first become apparent within the system as a whole. These regions are frequently characterized by weak economies and highly vulnerable ecosystems in our time, just as they were in the past. Accordingly, the environmental circumstances in these regions constitute for the modern world a kind of monitoring device that can provide early warnings of ecological instabilities in the global ecosystem.

The purpose of the paper is to show up the current possibilities by combination of classic thick-film technology with advanced processing. Thick-film hybrid ceramic substrates have been a base for highly reliable devices for space, aerospace, medical and industrial applications since many years. The combination of classic thick-film printing with advanced technologies for fine line structuring provides substrates best suited for packaging solutions with challenging requirements, such as temperature stability and extended product lifetime. Combined with state of the art assembly technologies, thick-film substrates are used in highly demanding industries.

In recent years, several technologies for fine line structuring have been introduced, e.g. fine line printing, photo imaging, etching, laser structuring for local chip fan-out or fine line structuring on single layers. For further miniaturization of thick-film multilayers circuits, after solving the fine line resolution, the reduction of electrical connection of conductive layers through printed insulation/dielectric layer (via) diameters to connect the layers should be addressed.

The focus of this paper is to show the results of combining fine line structuring with laser microvias and to compare laser drilling in thick-films with different established via forming technologies.

The reduction of via size to 60 µm – smaller than 50% compared to using state-of-the-art printing technologies enables a solution for significant relaxation of current design possibilities.