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By formulating a vision that provides for a solid foundation for the virtual library, we can dramatically improve existing library services and create new ones with added value. The new library paradigm will be built on software and hardware information technology. Related requirements include distributed computing and networking; open architectures and standards; authentication, authorization, and encryption; and billing and royalty tracking. The “virtual library tool kit” will include reduced dependence on word indexing and keyword/Boolean retrieval; development and application of natural language processing; and effective tools for navigation of networks. Carnegie Mellon University offers some helpful examples of how information technology and information retrieval may be used to build the virtual library.

Since the mid'1980s, a primary objective of the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) Libraries has been to build a state‐of‐the‐art electronic library. This early development was known as the Mercury Project. A new effort is underway at the CMU Libraries to move beyond Mercury to a new virtual library infrastructure. The virtual library will become reality when users can access digitized information as easily as they can access television. A distributed computing environment is already in place at CMU; this distributed architecture allows the CMU Libraries to engage in the improvement of productivity for the campus community by making access to information more efficient. A primary focus has been to be a pioneer in creating and providing services not readily available from vendors.

“Public librarians are not interested in collection development issues.”

The TULIP (The University Licensing Project) data were integrated into the Carnegie Mellon Library Information System (LIS) in 1994. The bibliographic data were released to campus in April and the image data in June. All electronic library information resourc‐es—bibliographic, ASCII full text, image full text, and selected Telnet sessions—are available through the LIS user interface. This provides the user with “one‐stop shopping,” a longstanding goal of the LIS/Mercury project at Carnegie Mellon.

The introduction of technology will make the delivery of information services more efficient; it will also produce organizational change. Efficiency and change can be introduced most effectively where six management rules are followed: 1) become informed, 2) discriminate, 3) understand finances, 4) select knowledgeable personnel, 5) know one's organization, and 6) manage people wisely.

Interlending activities in various countries, particularly in academic libraries, are examined. The growth of networking and the importance of a strong infrastructure are discussed. A system of cost recovery for large net‐lenders is outlined. Developments in copyright are reviewed.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature concerning interlending and document supply and related matters.

The paper is based on the reading of over 150 journals, as well as monographs, reports and web sites.

Significant developments in open access are noted and described as well as the continuing development of patron driven acquisition. Increasing concerns with the constraints on sharing e‐resources are also noted.

The paper represents a useful source for librarians and others concerned with interlending and document supply as well as such related matters as resource sharing and open access.

The purpose of this paper is to review the current LIS literature for document supply and related topics.

The paper is based on the scanning and reading of about 150 journals, reports, and web sites.

There is continued growth in freely available articles. There are dramatic development in open access initiatives especially in the US and some confusion in the UK. A study shows the dramatic impact on journal cancellations in a six month embargo environment with a likely increase in ILL. Publisher constraints on copying are a constant obstacle and those on e-books are now receiving more attention by librarians.

This is the only regular literature review that focuses on document supply and related issues.