C. Cognetti, E. Stroppolo and R. Tiziani
This paper addresses the themes of resistance to soldering heat and heat dissipation as aspects of reliability in relation to surface mounted devices soldered on a plastic…
Abstract
This paper addresses the themes of resistance to soldering heat and heat dissipation as aspects of reliability in relation to surface mounted devices soldered on a plastic substrate by the most common industrial processes. Reliability data are presented for devices soldered by double wave, multiple wave, vapour phase and infra‐red processes and comments given on the reliability results. In terms of heat dissipation, using an internally developed test pattern and suitable test boards, a study was made of the influence of the substrate on thermal dissipation, thermal impedance, and new medium power SO and PLCC packages offering the possibility of cost‐effective power dissipation in the range of 1.5–2 W while still maintaining a standard outline.
C. Cognetti, F. Simonini and F.F. Villa
This study attempts to quantify the loss of accuracy that arises after packaging and during the life of the IC device. To identify a solution to the problem of mismatch in voltage…
Abstract
This study attempts to quantify the loss of accuracy that arises after packaging and during the life of the IC device. To identify a solution to the problem of mismatch in voltage dividers, the characterisation of the amount of stress associated with commercially available moulding compounds was performed by means of silicon integrated strain gauges. In addition, the influence of the voltage divider lay‐out was measured with a specifically designed test pattern. The possibility of producing circuits with an accuracy level better than 0·1% without trimming was demonstrated.
Since its early conception, the group has grown from a handful of enthusiastic engineers to the largest trade association in Europe, if not the world, for Surface Mount. As in…
Abstract
Since its early conception, the group has grown from a handful of enthusiastic engineers to the largest trade association in Europe, if not the world, for Surface Mount. As in previous years, SMART will be arranging Seminars, Hands‐on Workshops and Open Forums, giving valuable knowledge for those just entering or those already experienced in SMT. Open forums allow the opportunity for the exchange of information on a variety of different topics, building experience in the technology which would otherwise be unobtainable.
As announced in the May issue of Hybrid Circuits, ISHM‐Benelux is organising a one‐day conference on applications of hybrid circuit technology.
Thermal characterisation of surface mount devices (SMDs) has become a growing concern as these components have increased in use—a situation aggravated by the lack of accepted…
Abstract
Thermal characterisation of surface mount devices (SMDs) has become a growing concern as these components have increased in use—a situation aggravated by the lack of accepted industry standards for making thermal measurements. This paper attempts to provide better understanding of thermal resistance terminology, and to summarise some of the existing problems with current standards and common practices. A defined methodology for obtaining SMD thermal characteristics is proposed, involving measurement by vendors and confirmation by users, and suitable for use in meeting application‐oriented requirements. The importance of providing a clear and complete set of test condition information is also emphasised.
Earl Moon of Viking Interconnect Systems addressed those present at the 21 May meeting on the subject of ‘Characterisation of Military SMT/MLB Requirements as a Function of the…
Vojtěch Heřmanský, M. Bilinski, H. Binner, Joon Lee, Dave Lowrie and M. Whiteside
The members of the chapter at the annual meeting held on 27 November 1992 in Brno decided not to split after the separation of Czechoslovakia. It was suggested to organise a…
Abstract
The members of the chapter at the annual meeting held on 27 November 1992 in Brno decided not to split after the separation of Czechoslovakia. It was suggested to organise a larger chapter from the Central European States to provide greater co‐operation and better functioning of the smaller chapters. A new name for the chapter was proposed — Central European Chapter (CEC) — to express neutrality and to point out that the chapter is open to other neighbouring chapters and to new members from the states where no national chapter yet exists.
Giuliana Birindelli and Vera Palea
This study aims to investigate the relationship between banks’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) mechanisms at the governance level and their likelihood of pursuing green…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the relationship between banks’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) mechanisms at the governance level and their likelihood of pursuing green product strategies. It also examines how CSR characteristics and green product strategies have evolved across regions and time.
Design/methodology/approach
Using a sample of listed banks from different economic areas over the period 2010–2019, the authors examine how CSR mechanisms at the governance level and green product strategies, which they categorize through principal component analysis, have changed over time and across regions. The authors then conducted panel regression to identify which CSR characteristics affect the likelihood that banks implement green product strategies.
Findings
Results show that CSR mechanisms related to bank transparency and commitment to the community, such as sustainability reporting and United Nations Global Compact adherence, are substantive in affecting the likelihood of banks pursuing green product strategies. In contrast, mechanisms related to internal organization, such as the presence of a CSR Committee and an environmental management team, tend to play more a symbolic role. Findings also support a reconsideration of environmental, social and governance-related compensation schemes, which appear to decrease the likelihood that banks engage in some forms of green financing. The likelihood of banks pursuing green product strategies varies across regions and has increased after the Paris Agreement.
Research limitations/implications
The findings are useful in guiding regulators, supervisory authorities and policymakers in defining policies that can create conditions for banks to develop green products and, hence, encourage the sustainability behaviors of their clients. Empirical evidence reveals that some corporate governance mechanisms and green product strategies correlate positively, institutional factors matter and public policies can play a role in strengthening such a correlation. However, results are limited to specific geographical areas and listed banks.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the institutional literature by showing that some corporate governance mechanisms are substantive in increasing the likelihood of banks pursuing green product strategies, while others are more symbolic. It also extends the literature by analyzing how banks belonging to different geographical areas have responded, over time, to sustainability objectives.
Details
Keywords
Veronica Scuotto, Deniz Karagöz, Nicola Farronato and Ilan Alon
Environmental knowledge management (EKM) has been studied mainly owing to the increasing awareness of environmental issues. Such issues have generated a warning in the tourism…
Abstract
Purpose
Environmental knowledge management (EKM) has been studied mainly owing to the increasing awareness of environmental issues. Such issues have generated a warning in the tourism industry that has stimulated a new wave of research on EKM. EKM forges landscape characteristics and so destination image. In turn, EKM sounds affecting tourism destination which calls for destination personality which shows a research context less explored. From a knowledge management perspective, The present research aims to investigate on EKM to understand how it leverages tourists' and destination personality.
Design/methodology/approach
With the intent of exploring EKM, the research uses a quantitative analysis on a sample of 2,222 young Chinese tourists. In this context, EKM is linked with destination’s personality and tourists’ personalities, their satisfaction with the destination and their behavioral intentions.
Findings
By SPSS regression model, EKM and destination personality are positively linked. This positive relationship is also reflected on destination personality and destination satisfaction, behavioral intention.
Originality/value
The authors’ original contribution to the knowledge management literature extends the new wave of research on EKM. The research also proves the need to make a close collaboration between tourists, the local community and marketers. Marketers need to pay more attention to what tourists want to do and see in the place visited. In a nutshell, there is the need of enforcing and promoting EKM.
Details
Keywords
This paper investigates the distinctive role of the US stock exchanges in the process of international consolidation. Besides the USA's leading role in financial markets, the…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper investigates the distinctive role of the US stock exchanges in the process of international consolidation. Besides the USA's leading role in financial markets, the focus on the country is motivated by its uniqueness within the stock exchange consolidation landscape, since, on the one hand, it has been involved in two different stock exchange mergers – with Nasdaq and NYSE – and, on the other hand, it has experienced a “reversal”, having joined and then left the Euronext-NYSE platform.
Design/methodology/approach
To investigate the effect of the NYSE-Euronext split on cross-border holdings and the role of the US as a member of the consolidated platform, we adopt a feasible Generalized Least Squares specification correcting for both heteroskedasticity and general correlation of observations across destination-countries, with standard errors adjusted for two-way clustering at the investing-country and year levels.
Findings
Differently from other mergers, we find a weak sensitivity of US inward and outward cross-border investments to stock exchange consolidation, and, consequently, to its reversal. The data suggest that the larger, the more liquid and the more visible the involved stock exchanges are, the less sensitive cross-border investment is to consolidation. Drawing on the cross-listing and cross-delisting literature, we formulate the conjecture that this evidence can be explained by decreasing returns of foreign investment to consolidation: the extraordinary large size, liquidity and visibility of the US stock exchanges diminishes the value of the role played by stock exchange consolidation in reducing cross-border barriers among member countries, so that it makes also the effects of its retreat non-significant.
Originality/value
This paper is the first, to best of our knowledge, to investigate the mirror phenomenon, that is, the “consolidation reversal” process of the NYSE stock exchange, the purpose being to understand its consequences for cross-border holdings. In the first part of this paper, we document no significant effect of the 2014 reversal on cross-border investments. The apparent absence of this effect could be due either to a level of cross-border investments remaining equally high (denoting persistence in investors' behavior) or to an equally non-significant effect of consolidation and reversal of the US stock exchanges on cross-border equity investments. The evidence supports the latter hypothesis and reveals an overall weak sensitivity of US cross-border investments (inward or outward) to stock exchange consolidation and, consequently, to its reversal. We formulate the conjecture, tested in the second part of the paper, that this evidence is due to the presence of diminishing returns of exchange consolidation's scale for foreign investors: the extraordinary large size, liquidity and visibility of the US stock exchanges makes the role of stock exchange consolidation less valuable in dampening cross-border barriers; consequently, also the reversal phenomenon presents no sizeable effects.