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Vietnam has for a long time been ignored by researchers due to the closed nature of the country. Little management research, especially in the marketing field, has been done in this emerging country. Aims, therefore, to describe Vietnamese wholesaling and retailing for consumer products. Distribution channels in Vietnam could be characterized as primitive structures, owing to their level of economic development. The example of Vietnam is interesting because its situation is classical for a less developed country: inadequate transport means; inadequate banking; smuggling; counterfeiting; import restrictions; import taxes; the need to pass through importation companies with little added value to enter the market; the passiveness, even incompetence, of intermediaries; the low income of the population. Therefore, despite huge opportunities in Vietnam, investors should be aware of the unexpected and unstable situations they will have to face, especially in the distribution field. Bases its findings on desk research and face‐to‐face interviews done by the author during a position as an expatriate in Vietnam, from 1993 to 1994.

By distinguishing between types of institutional constraints based on their susceptibility to bribery, this study aims to highlight the different mechanisms through which institutions influence bribery and export intensity. This work highlights the susceptibility of institutional constraints as a key consideration in understanding how bribery influences institutions and has implications for export intensity.

This study utilizes firm-level data from World Bank Enterprise Surveys using a fractional logit estimation method.

An analysis of firm-level data from 26 emerging economies shows support for a positive relationship between permit constraints and firm-level bribery payments. In addition, results provide partial support for a negative relationship between firm-level bribery payments and export intensity. Finally, this study finds partial support for the strengthening impact of financial constraints on the negative relationship between bribery payments and export intensity. However, contrary to our expectations, results indicate that tax rate constraints can weaken the relationship between bribery payments and exports.

This work contributes to international business literature by analyzing how home market institutions influence firms' export intensity. In addition, the study contributes to corruption research by highlighting the importance of heterogeneous susceptibility of formal institutional constraints to bribery. The focus on bribery responds to calls for work on firm misbehavior in international business.