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The problem of laminar cross‐flow forced convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder covered with an orthotropic porous layer was investigated numerically. The effects of porous layer thickness, radial resistance, tangential resistance, and incoming flow Reynolds number on the average Nusselt number were studied in detail. There was up to 40 per cent reduction in the average Nusselt number at high values of Reynolds number. The tangential resistance effect on the Nusselt number was dominant over that of the radial resistance. The effectiveness of the porous layer increased at high values of porous layer thickness as well as at high values of Reynolds number.

The aim of this work is to determine the optimal number and location of the fin(s) for maximum laminar forced convection heat transfer from a cylinder with multiple high conductivity radial fins on its outer surface in cross‐flow, i.e. Nusselt number, over a range of Reynolds numbers.

The effect of several combinations of number of fins, fin height, and fin(s) tangential location on the average Nusselt number was studied over the range of Reynolds numbers (5‐150). The problem was investigated numerically using finite difference method over a stretched grid. The optimal number and placement of the fins, for maximum Nusselt number, was determined for several combinations of Reynolds number and fin height. The percentage improvement in heat transfer per fin(s) unit length, i.e. cost‐efficiency, was also studied.

The results indicate that the fin(s) combination with the highest normalised Nusselt number is not necessarily the combination that results in the highest fin cost‐efficiency.

The results of the study can be used to design highly efficient cross‐flow forced convection heat transfer configurations from a horizontal cylinder with minimum cost.

Many construction projects exhibit poor performance in terms of fulfilling predetermined schedules and financial objectives. Project control systems (PCSs) have been used to enhance construction project performance; however, a comprehensive framework regarding the key determinants of PCS effectiveness is lacking.

Herein, the determinants for effective PCSs that can improve construction project performance were comprehensively identified by evaluating existing studies. A systematic strategy following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses protocol was employed to search for and select relevant studies, followed by a qualitative synthesis.

The significance of incorporating and managing many factors associated with PCS for effective project delivery was elucidated. The study synthesized 12 key determinants and 29 sub-determinants of PCS effectiveness in project delivery and grouped them into organizational, human, technological and operational categories. Out of the four categories examined, operational aspects received the most references, underscoring their critical role in PCS effectiveness, while human-related dimensions received the least amount of attention in the reviewed research, accounting for 4%. This also revealed a significant gap in the research addressing the interactions between all PCS aspects.

Understanding of the variables influencing PCS effectiveness in construction project delivery was enhanced, and a framework for future PCS research in five dominant areas was created.