James H. Thompson and Bart H. Ward
Traditional approaches to risk control used for planning,executing, and evaluating substantive audit tests focus primarily on therisk of accepting a materially misstated amount (�…
Abstract
Traditional approaches to risk control used for planning, executing, and evaluating substantive audit tests focus primarily on the risk of accepting a materially misstated amount (β risk) and only consider passively the risk of rejecting a correctly stated amount (α risk). This article discusses an alternative – the trade‐off approach – that formally considers both risks. Although the traditional and the trade‐off approach frequently lead to the same statistical conclusion, there are some applications in which only the trade‐off approach, can provide a statistical conclusion in support of the auditor′s assertion that a client′s balance is correctly stated. The article identifies these applications and suggests that the trade‐off approach merits further consideration.
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James H. Thompson and Bart H. Ward
Discusses alternative strategies which may be employed when differences arise between achieved audit‐sampling results and planned results, which means that risk levels used in ex…
Abstract
Discusses alternative strategies which may be employed when differences arise between achieved audit‐sampling results and planned results, which means that risk levels used in ex post decision making may be different from planned levels. Contrasts a conventional strategy — which is to fix the risk of incorrect acceptance at a planned level and to ignore the risk of incorrect rejection or to accept the minimum available level of that risk which is consistent, after the fact, with the planned level of risk of incorrect acceptance — with a theoretically appealing strategy which balances both risk levels in proportion to their perceived disutility. Reports on the results of an experiment involving these two strategies, in which all subjects were auditors with statistical audit experience. Suggests that the most important statistically significant finding is that, in certain circumstances, these auditors are more willing to base audit decisions on statistical evidence after the alternative strategy is explained and available for their use.
A year or two ago the Library Association established what was called, a Press Committee, having as its objects the correcting of misstatements and the replying to attacks on…
Abstract
A year or two ago the Library Association established what was called, a Press Committee, having as its objects the correcting of misstatements and the replying to attacks on public libraries in the newspapers. Our press‐cuttings have not given us many examples of the Committee's activity, and we fear it never did much if any work. This has no doubt been because the library profession is so small that the number of men able and willing to further its purposes is necessarily too limited to carry through a vigorous policy. The article in The Daily Mail to which Eratosthenes refers in characteristic fashion this month is an example of the sort of thing which ought to have been met immediately by the Press Committee. We need a few men with level heads and facile pens promptly to challenge any plea for such misapplied public economy. Plausible suggestions that public libraries are of secondary importance are made every day, and so deeply is this opinion rooted in the minds of some of our public leaders that any opposition to it needs to be both practical and wise. To all who have considered social and economic questions at all the strength of the case for the public library has never been more strong than it is at present. But men who believe that economy will be served by stopping the medical inspection of school children and by the abolition of technical education—and such suggestions were actually made in the article we have mentioned—would certainly not spare the university of the people. Indeed, the author bluntly suggested that the libraries should be closed and the officials dismissed! A writer in the Sunday Chronicle sanely declares the closing suggested to be “not only not economy; it is anti‐patriotic.” Under these circumstances a vigorous publicity committee of librarians and library experts like Aldermen Abbott, Brittain, Leslie and Plummer, might do invaluable service.
President, Charles S. Goldman, M.P.; Chairman, Charles Bathurst, M.P.; Vice‐Presidents: Christopher Addison, M.D., M.P., Waldorf Astor, M.P., Charles Bathurst, M.P., Hilaire…
Abstract
President, Charles S. Goldman, M.P.; Chairman, Charles Bathurst, M.P.; Vice‐Presidents: Christopher Addison, M.D., M.P., Waldorf Astor, M.P., Charles Bathurst, M.P., Hilaire Belloc, Ralph D. Blumenfeld, Lord Blyth, J.P., Colonel Charles E. Cassal, V.D., F.I.C., the Bishop of Chichester, Sir Arthur H. Church, K.C.V.O., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Sir Wm. Earnshaw Cooper, C.I.E., E. Crawshay‐Williams, M.P., Sir Anderson Critchett, Bart., C.V.O., F.R.C.S.E., William Ewart, M.D., F.R.C.P., Lieut.‐Colonel Sir Joseph Fayrer, Bart., M.A., M.D., Sir Alfred D. Fripp, K.C.V.O., C.B., M.B., M.S., Sir Harold Harmsworth, Bart., Arnold F. Hills, Sir Victor Horsley, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.S., O. Gutekunst, Sir H. Seymour King, K.C.I.E., M.A., the Duke of Manchester, P.C., Professor Sir Wm. Osler, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., Sir Gilbert Parker, D.C.L., M.P., Sir Wm. Ramsay, K.C.B., LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., Harrington Sainsbury, M.D., F.R.C.P., W. G. Savage, M.D., B.Sc., R. H. Scanes Spicer, M.D., M.R.C.S., the Hon. Lionel Walrond, M.P., Hugh Walsham, M.D., F.R.C.P., Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., Evelyn Wrench.
Sue Smith, Ann Casey, Keith Hurst, Katherine Fenton and Hilary Scholefield
This paper aims to explains how relatively simple nurse staffing formulas from “best practice” ward dependency‐acuity data can be used for nursing workforce planning and…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to explains how relatively simple nurse staffing formulas from “best practice” ward dependency‐acuity data can be used for nursing workforce planning and development.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper combines literature, detailed ward surveys, workshop and expert group/stakeholder information to generate and test care levels/nurse multipliers for setting ward establishments.
Findings
The paper finds that professional‐judgement based ward staffing can be abandoned, while complex acuity‐quality, timed‐task and regression‐based nurse staffing algorithms for setting ward establishments may be unnecessary since the new multipliers, underpinned by robust validity and reliability testing, seem to be remarkably accurate nurse‐staffing determiners at a fraction of the cost.
Research limitations/implications
As care levels and multipliers stand they are suitable only for UK National Health Service acute wards. Primary care, mental health, learning disability and other specialist group care levels and multipliers need developing.
Practical implications
Users, at a minimum, can adopt care level data and multiplier staffing recommendations for benchmarking purposes. Ultimately, the algorithms can be used to: adjust ward establishments according to workload; or set staffing for new, inpatient services.
Originality/value
The paper offers a simple system for assessing patients' nursing needs and setting ward staffing accordingly.
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This article presents a General Theory of Social Systems. This general theory proposes a model and method for the design, behaviour, and development of social systems. The model…
Abstract
This article presents a General Theory of Social Systems. This general theory proposes a model and method for the design, behaviour, and development of social systems. The model advanced is an exposition of the universal composition of social systems in three‐dimensions. The accompanying prescribed method offers dissection and analysis of past, present, and planned systems from Micro to Meta scales in isolation and relation to external systems.
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Well‐founded complaint has recently been made concerning the characters of the various forms of “candy,” or, as we should term them, “sweets,” that are manufactured in great…
Abstract
Well‐founded complaint has recently been made concerning the characters of the various forms of “candy,” or, as we should term them, “sweets,” that are manufactured in great quantities in the United States.
This Society, originally known as “The National Pure Food Association,” has been reconstituted under the above title. The objects of the Society are to assist as far as possible…
Abstract
This Society, originally known as “The National Pure Food Association,” has been reconstituted under the above title. The objects of the Society are to assist as far as possible in checking the widespread evils of food adulteration, for this purpose to bring about a public realisation of the admittedly serious character of food frauds, and, under expert advice, to co‐operate with constituted authority in effecting their repression. The policy of the Society is directed by a representative Council, and, the Society being thus established on an authoritative basis, cannot fail to become a powerful and valuable organisation if adequately and generously supported by the public. The governing body of the Society is constituted as follows:—
The opening of the new centralised obstetric unit in City and Hackney Health District in August 1986 was accompanied by an acute bed shortage. The planning of the unit had been…
Abstract
The opening of the new centralised obstetric unit in City and Hackney Health District in August 1986 was accompanied by an acute bed shortage. The planning of the unit had been based on a model which was simulated using available data and which estimated that 90 beds would be sufficient on 95 per cent of occasions.
Serdar Karabati and Arzu Iseri Say
Work and societal values were examined through a 72‐item survey for a sample of nearly six hundred managers, business owners, and professionals in Turkey. Factor analyses revealed…
Abstract
Work and societal values were examined through a 72‐item survey for a sample of nearly six hundred managers, business owners, and professionals in Turkey. Factor analyses revealed eleven work value dimensions and eleven societal value dimensions. A second order factor analysis revealed nine meta‐dimensions among which indigenous concepts of cynical fatalism and under‐ambitious work deserve further attention. Findings also validate comparatively well‐established notions such as paternalism and trust.