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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1971

BERNARD J.S. WILLIAMS

When some future reviewer looks back over the history of microform systems and techniques (henceforth the emergent term ‘micrographics’ will be used in place of this ponderous…

61

Abstract

When some future reviewer looks back over the history of microform systems and techniques (henceforth the emergent term ‘micrographics’ will be used in place of this ponderous phase) the 1970s will almost certainly be seen to embrace the period over which the subject came to maturity. Previous to this period serious concern with the subject, at least in the documentation field, was the preserve of a small band of enthusiasts, most documentalists and librarians saw microform media as substantially confined to limited use in a few libraries for storing or preserving little used material. Suggestions for potentially wider use were invariably countered by reference to a ‘user resistance’. ‘Nobody’ it was said ‘likes reading microfilm’. This user resistance syndrome existed for a number of reasons, some legitimate, such as inadequate hardware and software (in micrographics software refers to the medium), others less so, there was indeed, for example, a failure to point up the positive aspects; it might be true that users always prefer to read from paper (but even this piece of dogma is now more open to question), but do they continue to do so when it takes ten times as long to obtain at ten times the cost? Essentially, however, the situation was seen by the majority as one in which, except in certain exceptional circumstances, the benefits to be obtained from miniaturizing documents were considered inadequate to offset the disadvantages. The balance is now changing in favour of miniaturization; on the positive side for example the data processing speed and flexibility of the computer is far more closely matched by the computer output microfilm (COM) recorder with its basically electronic mode of operation than it ever can be by the impact printer's cumbersome mechanical mode, on a more fundamental issue there is an increasing realization that the exponential growth rate of information cannot indefinitely be reflected by a similar growth rate in the physical size of libraries. Increasing costs of conventional publishing, particularly postal charges affecting periodicals, suggest that it would be rash to assume that information will continue to appear exclusively in conventional packages. On the negative side too some of the disadvantages are diminishing; hardware is improving partly under the impact of published evaluation reports, software is improving under the impact of standards and of education directed at both producers and users. One debit however continues to accrue; a virile industry continues to generate new media and formats while the old ones refuse to die. In rough chronological order of appearance the library user is now confronted by: 35mm roll film, microfiches, microopaques, 16mm roll film, ultra‐fiches, super‐fiches, mini‐prints and, potentially by, micro‐apertures and 8 mm roll film, furthermore, within each category there are significant variations in reduction ratio and layout. Each format is supported by some well reasoned arguments, legitimate enough when considered in isolation, but in the general context of micropublishing the overall effect is chaotic. There appears to be no ready solution to these difficulties: micropublishers and manufacturers tend to occupy entrenched positions, national standards may ratify established media but only indirectly control the introduction of new ones. The major hope must lie with active user organizations prepared to make their opinions felt during the formative stage.

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Journal of Documentation, vol. 27 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0022-0418

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Article
Publication date: 1 July 1967

BERNARD J.S. WILLIAMS

The paper reviews present microforms in use and indicates briefly their areas of application in particular to the library field. Likely future trends and developments bearing on…

89

Abstract

The paper reviews present microforms in use and indicates briefly their areas of application in particular to the library field. Likely future trends and developments bearing on the library and publishing fields are then detailed. Coverage is given to retrieval systems and devices. Finally the work of the newly established National Reprographic Centre for documentation in this area is outlined.

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Aslib Proceedings, vol. 19 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0001-253X

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 1967

All items listed may be borrowed from the Aslib Library, except those marked, which may be consulted in the Library.

13

Abstract

All items listed may be borrowed from the Aslib Library, except those marked, which may be consulted in the Library.

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Aslib Proceedings, vol. 19 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0001-253X

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1998

Elisabeth Simon

The gap between the information poor and the information rich is widening in the modern societies of western countries and continues to divide East and West, the developed and the…

59

Abstract

The gap between the information poor and the information rich is widening in the modern societies of western countries and continues to divide East and West, the developed and the developing countries. The transformation from collection‐oriented to access‐oriented libraries and information centers too often neglects the cultural precondition of differing societies, but must be taken into account in organising training and other forms of continuing education. In this context, workshops and training seminars are being organised by the Foreign Relations Office at the German Library Institute in Berlin and are described in brief here.

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Aslib Proceedings, vol. 50 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0001-253X

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Book part
Publication date: 22 May 2017

Brenda Jones Harden, Brandee Feola, Colleen Morrison, Shelby Brown, Laura Jimenez Parra and Andrea Buhler Wassman

Children experience toxic stress if there is pronounced activation of their stress-response systems, in situations in which they do not have stable caregiving. Due to their…

Abstract

Children experience toxic stress if there is pronounced activation of their stress-response systems, in situations in which they do not have stable caregiving. Due to their exposure to multiple poverty-related risks, African American children may be more susceptible to exposure to toxic stress. Toxic stress affects young children’s brain and neurophysiologic functioning, which leads to a wide range of deleterious health, developmental, and mental health outcomes. Given the benefits of early care and education (ECE) for African American young children, ECE may represent a compensating experience for this group of children, and promote their positive development.

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African American Children in Early Childhood Education
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78714-258-9

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1992

John Conway O'Brien

A collection of essays by a social economist seeking to balanceeconomics as a science of means with the values deemed necessary toman′s finding the good life and society enduring…

1244

Abstract

A collection of essays by a social economist seeking to balance economics as a science of means with the values deemed necessary to man′s finding the good life and society enduring as a civilized instrumentality. Looks for authority to great men of the past and to today′s moral philosopher: man is an ethical animal. The 13 essays are: 1. Evolutionary Economics: The End of It All? which challenges the view that Darwinism destroyed belief in a universe of purpose and design; 2. Schmoller′s Political Economy: Its Psychic, Moral and Legal Foundations, which centres on the belief that time‐honoured ethical values prevail in an economy formed by ties of common sentiment, ideas, customs and laws; 3. Adam Smith by Gustav von Schmoller – Schmoller rejects Smith′s natural law and sees him as simply spreading the message of Calvinism; 4. Pierre‐Joseph Proudhon, Socialist – Karl Marx, Communist: A Comparison; 5. Marxism and the Instauration of Man, which raises the question for Marx: is the flowering of the new man in Communist society the ultimate end to the dialectical movement of history?; 6. Ethical Progress and Economic Growth in Western Civilization; 7. Ethical Principles in American Society: An Appraisal; 8. The Ugent Need for a Consensus on Moral Values, which focuses on the real dangers inherent in there being no consensus on moral values; 9. Human Resources and the Good Society – man is not to be treated as an economic resource; man′s moral and material wellbeing is the goal; 10. The Social Economist on the Modern Dilemma: Ethical Dwarfs and Nuclear Giants, which argues that it is imperative to distinguish good from evil and to act accordingly: existentialism, situation ethics and evolutionary ethics savour of nihilism; 11. Ethical Principles: The Economist′s Quandary, which is the difficulty of balancing the claims of disinterested science and of the urge to better the human condition; 12. The Role of Government in the Advancement of Cultural Values, which discusses censorship and the funding of art against the background of the US Helms Amendment; 13. Man at the Crossroads draws earlier themes together; the author makes the case for rejecting determinism and the “operant conditioning” of the Skinner school in favour of the moral progress of autonomous man through adherence to traditional ethical values.

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International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 19 no. 3/4/5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0306-8293

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Book part
Publication date: 24 June 2024

Noel Scott, Brent Moyle, Ana Cláudia Campos, Liubov Skavronskaya and Biqiang Liu

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Cognitive Psychology and Tourism
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80262-579-0

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Book part
Publication date: 30 June 2020

Peter Williams

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Learning Disabilities and e-Information
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78973-152-1

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Book part
Publication date: 7 November 2018

Daniel B. Cornfield, Jonathan S. Coley, Larry W. Isaac and Dennis C. Dickerson

As a site of contestation among job seekers, workers, and managers, the bureaucratic workplace both reproduces and erodes occupational race segregation and racial status…

Abstract

As a site of contestation among job seekers, workers, and managers, the bureaucratic workplace both reproduces and erodes occupational race segregation and racial status hierarchies. Much sociological research has examined the reproduction of racial inequality at work; however, little research has examined how desegregationist forces, including civil rights movement values, enter and permeate bureaucratic workplaces into the broader polity. Our purpose in this chapter is to introduce and typologize what we refer to as “occupational activism,” defined as socially transformative individual and collective action that is conducted and realized through an occupational role or occupational community. We empirically induce and present a typology from our study of the half-century-long, post-mobilization occupational careers of over 60 veterans of the nonviolent Nashville civil rights movement of the early 1960s. The fourfold typology of occupational activism is framed in the “new” sociology of work, which emphasizes the role of worker agency and activism in determining worker life chances, and in the “varieties of activism” perspective, which treats the typology as a coherent regime of activist roles in the dialogical diffusion of civil rights movement values into, within, and out of workplaces. We conclude with a research agenda on how bureaucratic workplaces nurture and stymie occupational activism as a racially desegregationist force at work and in the broader polity.

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Race, Identity and Work
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78769-501-6

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Book part
Publication date: 20 October 2015

Mohammad Shamsuddoha

Contemporary literature reveals that, to date, the poultry livestock sector has not received sufficient research attention. This particular industry suffers from unstructured…

Abstract

Contemporary literature reveals that, to date, the poultry livestock sector has not received sufficient research attention. This particular industry suffers from unstructured supply chain practices, lack of awareness of the implications of the sustainability concept and failure to recycle poultry wastes. The current research thus attempts to develop an integrated supply chain model in the context of poultry industry in Bangladesh. The study considers both sustainability and supply chain issues in order to incorporate them in the poultry supply chain. By placing the forward and reverse supply chains in a single framework, existing problems can be resolved to gain economic, social and environmental benefits, which will be more sustainable than the present practices.

The theoretical underpinning of this research is ‘sustainability’ and the ‘supply chain processes’ in order to examine possible improvements in the poultry production process along with waste management. The research adopts the positivist paradigm and ‘design science’ methods with the support of system dynamics (SD) and the case study methods. Initially, a mental model is developed followed by the causal loop diagram based on in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observation techniques. The causal model helps to understand the linkages between the associated variables for each issue. Finally, the causal loop diagram is transformed into a stock and flow (quantitative) model, which is a prerequisite for SD-based simulation modelling. A decision support system (DSS) is then developed to analyse the complex decision-making process along the supply chains.

The findings reveal that integration of the supply chain can bring economic, social and environmental sustainability along with a structured production process. It is also observed that the poultry industry can apply the model outcomes in the real-life practices with minor adjustments. This present research has both theoretical and practical implications. The proposed model’s unique characteristics in mitigating the existing problems are supported by the sustainability and supply chain theories. As for practical implications, the poultry industry in Bangladesh can follow the proposed supply chain structure (as par the research model) and test various policies via simulation prior to its application. Positive outcomes of the simulation study may provide enough confidence to implement the desired changes within the industry and their supply chain networks.

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Sustaining Competitive Advantage Via Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, and System Dynamics
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78560-707-3

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