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Josephson junctions act as active elements in superconducting electronics. The behavior of this nonlinear element is characterized by the relation between current and the quantum mechanical phase‐difference. For an accurate device modeling, detailed knowledge about this relation is necessary. This paper aims to discuss these issues.

To obtain detailed information, a method for DC measurement of the current‐phase relation suitable for all kinds of superconducting circuit elements was accomplished.

The authors developed a linear transformation algorithm to calculate the current‐phase relation from the measured data.

It turns out that in future designs additional connections and special test structures are required to gain more knowledge about inductance values required for the algorithm.

Based on the inverse calculation of that algorithm, the authors found a 7 percent deviation of the current‐phase relation of a standard superconductor/insulator/superconductor Josephson junction from the predicted sine‐wave behavior. Furthermore, the paper suggests to use this method to evaluate the current‐phase relation of new Josephson elements such as a superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor junction. Therefore, the authors will deposit the new element directly on the chip with the test setup fabricated with standard Nb‐technology.

Human skills are acquired not by a single uniform process, but in a series of stages, as Piaget has shown. We have investigated such a sequential process by taking as an illustrative example the game of table tennis. The aims in each stage of learning are qualitatively different, and we show in detail how knowledge gained during one stage provides essential information for subsequent stages. Conclusions are drawn which may be important for artificial intelligence work generally. The question of practical implementation of a system such as discussed is considered briefly.

Presents the compositional and spoilage changes in fish ‐ useful for determining the freshness for eating. Chemical and microbiological methods are focused on. Breakdowns in chemical components lead to detectable changes ‐ odour, flavour and texture. Changes to the fats, protein, nucleotides, non‐protein nitrogen compounds and enzymes are examined. These means are more valid when dealing with preserved and frozen fish and can give accurate assessment as to fish quality.

Uncertainty as a whole in our knowledge about reality is stressed. Redundancy as the factor to counterbalance the impact of uncertainty as a whole, is discussed and recognized in the real world. The interpretation of the quantum mechanical wave function in connection with uncertainty as a whole is put forward. The third law of thermodynamics and the principles of quantum mechanics are found to be at one, embodying the principle of the relativity of truth. Information feedback and negentropy for generating order are related, and the algorithmic approach to the definition of information contained in individual objects is mentioned.

Research generally believes that both corporate venture capital (CVC) and independent venture capital (IVC) promote the innovation value of entrepreneurial ventures, but their roles in innovation risk remain unclear. To reveal the bright and dark sides of CVC and IVC, we compare their influence on innovation performance and performance variability of entrepreneurial ventures as well as their interaction effects with innovation assets through physical and intellectual assets.

This study uses a panel dataset consisting of 630 high-tech ventures and the Heckman selection model to test the hypotheses and correct the endogenous problems.

We find that CVC improves the innovation performance of entrepreneurial ventures but at the cost of increasing their performance variability, whereas IVC is the opposite. We also find the combination effect of external and internal capital of entrepreneurial ventures. CVC and IVC complement intellectual assets to enhance innovation performance and dance with physical assets to reduce variability.

We use a value-risk dyadic perspective to reveal the bright side and dark side of CVC and IVC. We unveil the interplay mechanism between internal and external capital of entrepreneurial ventures and develop some kinds of capital configuration strategies to balance innovation value and risk.

In this paper, the authors introduce supply disruption ambiguity as the inability of a sourcing firm to attach probability point estimates to the occurrence of and to the magnitude of loss from supply disruptions. The authors drew on the “ambiguity in decision-making” literature to define this concept formally, connected it to relevant supply disruption information deficit, positioned it relative to supply chain risk assessment and hypothesized and tested its negative associations with both supply base ties and inventory turnover.

The authors analysed survey data from 171 North American manufacturers and archival data for a subset (88 publicly listed) of these manufacturers via Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation after ensuring that methodological concerns with survey research have been addressed. They used appropriate controls and employed the heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variable (HBIV) approach to ensure that inferences from our results are not unduly influenced by endogeneity.

Strong supply base ties decrease supply disruption ambiguity, which, in turn, increases inventory turnover. Moreover, strong supply base ties and data integration with the supply base have indirect and positive effects on inventory turnover. As sourcing firms strengthen ties and integrate data exchange with their supply base, their inventory turnover improves from access to information relevant to detect and diagnose supply disruptions effectively.

Research on supply disruption management has paid more attention to the “disruption recovery” stage than to the “disruption discovery” stage. In this paper, the authors add novel insights regarding the recognition and diagnosis aspects of the “disruption discovery” stage. These novel insights reveal how and why sourcing firms reduce their overall ambiguity associated with detecting and assessing losses from supply disruptions through establishing strong ties with their supply base and how and why reducing such ambiguity improves inventory turnover performance.

The lack of reliable and scalable superconducting random access memory (RAM) cells is the main obstacle for full implementation of superconducting rapid single flux quantum(RSFQ) computers. This work points the methodology and the structures that shall be used in future implementation of RSFQ RAM.

A new design for RAM using two ferromagnetic strips in proximity to the superconductor in a RSFQ computer is presented (1). The concept of using a RAM RSFQ cell as a tuneable superconducting qubit is also explored.

Two basic architectures for superconducting RAM cells were developed with integration schemes in two dimensions.

The proposed RAM cells as depicted in Figures 7 and 16 offer smaller size and greater 3 scalability in comparison to other suggested schemes (4), (3), (2), (5).

Currently, the main obstacle in implementation of RSQF computer is lack of reliable RAM cell. RSQF computer shall have potential to take a large fraction of classical supercomputers, as it consumes much less power.

Computation power shall be cheaper when one uses RSQF computers for big data and computational centres. It is a matter of some time.

The publication presents the new design of superconducting RAM cell for use in RSQF computer. The numerical relaxation method is used to solve biharmonic Ginzburg–Landau equation. The analytic approach as a solution of a specified problem is given.

Which venture capital is more beneficial in the product innovation of entrepreneurial ventures? The authors study the drawbacks and different effects of corporate venture capital (CVC) and independent venture capital (IVC) on the effectiveness and efficiency of product innovation in entrepreneurial ventures to answer this question.

This study uses a panel dataset of 502 high-tech ventures and runs the Heckman model to correct potential endogeneity issues.

The authors find that CVC increases the product innovation effectiveness of entrepreneurial ventures, but decreases their efficiency. IVC reduces innovation effectiveness and enhances efficiency. However, CVC performs less positively, while IVC performs more positively in terms of innovation effectiveness and efficiency in the B2B market than in the B2C market.

This study provides insights into how to leverage venture capital to develop new products effectively and efficiently.

This study moves beyond the current understanding of the finance-marketing interface. It delineates the two faces of venture capital and reveals the joint effects of equity stakes and market stakes between different types of venture capital and transaction markets in product innovation.

Various experimental groups have reported observation of both integer and fractional giant Shapiro steps in the I‐V curves of N×M arrays of superconducting‐normal metal‐superconducting (SNS) Josephson junctions. The size of these steps have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically as a function of temperature, external magnetic field, and rf current. In this report, we investigate the possibility of controlling the size of these giant Shapiro steps by an external gate voltage by considering arrays of superconductor‐semiconductor‐superconductor junctions. We show that giant Shapiro steps of different orders can be quenched over different gate voltage ranges in these arrays.