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Quasi shear and tensile mode stress‐rupture and quasi shear mode creep behaviours were investigated for aged production surface mount soldered connections of 127 mm pitch, rigid gullwing and J‐bend configurations at ambient and 60°C (on limited specimens) environments. These joints were manufactured by the vapour phase reflow soldering process using a 63Sn‐37Pb solder composition. Metallographic examinations and fractrographic studies were also performed on appropriate specimens to characterise the metallurgical attributes of the solder and the joint failure. A relatively coarse solder microstructure was observed with both joint configurations. The steady‐state creep data of both soldered joints exhibited two distinct creep regimes. A grain boundary‐controlled regime at low loads with a slope of 042 for gullwing and 0?50 for J‐bend joints was followed by a dislocation climb‐controlled regime at high loads with a slope of 0?13 and 0?24 for gullwing and J‐bend configurations, respectively. The log‐log plot of applied load varied linearly with rupture time for the entire load range for the respective soldered joints for both modes of testing at room temperature. A transgranular fracture morphology was found to predominate for the entire load regime for the quasi shear mode tested gullwing joints. A mixed‐mode fracture morphology with predominantly transgranular features was observed for both low and high loading conditions for quasi shear mode tested J‐bend specimens. The steady‐state creep elongation in shear showed a strong dependence on the applied load for both types of soldered joints. This was primarily attributed to the presence of relatively large creep transients, especially at higher loads.

Contemporary practices of information management tend to approach information as discrete and decontextualised units. The creation and capture of electronically generated metadata, specific to individual transactions, have become a primary concern of the archival and records management literature. The prevalent model of discrete metadata capture lends itself easily to automation, but it cannot emulate the intellectual control offered by traditional classification structures such as file plans. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of the literature.

The paper provides a critical review of literature.

Recognition of contextual structures and relationships cannot at present be automated, natural language processing capabilities are poor, and metadata can easily become decoupled from “disembodied” discrete units of information. Discrete metadata capture has been developed in the context of commercial transactions rather than information management.

File plans as explicit organisations of knowledge can be used to generate contextually significant metadata for records. Such metadata may then be of considerable value to digital curation processes.

This critique will be useful in considering practical approaches to metadata capture.

Intelligent agents – software components designed to perform complex tasks for the user (with or without the presence of the user) – are used in a variety of settings, from instant messaging and web auctions, to ATM network management and air traffic control systems. The technology also has applicability within libraries, adding a level of user‐oriented control and flexibility to activities such as digital collection management and virtual reference. The use of intelligent agents to assist users with their searches has perhaps the greatest potential. The purpose of this article is to provide background information on the use of agent technology in information settings, and review three library‐based projects that utilize agent technology in a practical way.

A comprehensive literature review combined with brief case studies of practical applications of agent technology in three modern library settings. A conceptual model of a virtual, agent‐based personalized library is also presented.

Librarians and others in the information profession recognize the potential of agent technology within the library setting. The paper presents a number of practical scenarios for using agents, from supporting digital libraries and teaching information literacy to virtual reference.

There are numerous implications for current and future use of agent technology in libraries, including how to engage IT staff in the development process, how to educate users about the benefits of the technology, and how to make sure library professionals have the skill set to allow them to participate in the conceptualization, design and implementation of agents.

There is a wealth of professional literature on agent technology and its uses, mostly from a computing or engineering perspective. This paper has value in that it presents the concept from a library perspective, and includes references to relevant library literature and projects.

The wearout characteristics were investigated for soldered interconnections of surface mount technology (SMT) chip resistors, chip capacitors and a 44 I/O ceramic leaded chip carrier (CLCC) package. Four double‐sided test vehicles were subjected to accelerated thermal cycling in the — 10°C to + 110°C range; 30°C/min ramp rate; and 1 minute dwell time at each temperature extreme. The test was interrupted at initially 500 cycle and later at 1000 cycle intervals to perform visual inspection of all soldered interconnections, functional performance verification for the test vehicles, and resistance measurement on leaded SMT joints. Metallographic examinations and fractographic studies were also performed after 0, 4500 and 13000 cycles to characterise the micromechanisms of soldered joint strength degradation and failure. The wearout thresholds for soldered joints of chip resistors and capacitors on side 1 were respectively 2500 and 4500 cycles. The greater thermal fatigue resistance of the latter joints was attributed to a lower device‐substrate coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch and a more favourable device geometry compared with chip resistors. These passive components on side 2, however, showed a virtually identical soldered joint wearout threshold of 6500 cycles. The constraints imposed by the applied mounting adhesive were primarily responsible for this behaviour. No correlation appeared to exist among various failure criteria used to determine the onset of failure for leaded SMT soldered connections. The concurrent monitoring of electrical resistance and the applied tensile load showed a modest relationship between the load drop and resistance increase, however. The test vehicles continued to pass the functional performance verification, even after 13000 thermal cycles. Nonetheless, the joint wearout thresholds were considered to be 2500, 4500 and 4500 cycles for chip resistor, chip capacitor and CLCC components, respectively. A 50% soldered joint strength drop was considered as the wearout threshold for the CLCC device. Metallographic examination showed limited barrel wall cracking of the vias and no evidence of cracks with the through‐hole soldered joints, even after 13000 thermal cycles.

Thick film superconductors with the nominal composition Bi2Pb0.5Sr2Ca2.5Cu3.5Ox were fired on stainless steel substrates and on alumina substrates covered with silver or gold thick film conductors. Films on stainless steel substrates were semiconducting due to reaction between the superconducting film and oxidised chromium and iron from the steel. Tc(R=0) of films on silver was between 80 K and 90 K while Tc (R=0) on gold was below 60 K. The low Tc (R=0) of films on gold is attributed to the interaction between the gold layer and copper from the superconductor.

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive literature review on the utilisation of intelligent agent technology in the library environment.

Research papers since 1990 on the use of various intelligent agent technologies in libraries are divided into two main application areas: digital library (DL), including agent‐based DL projects, multi‐agent architecture for DLs, intelligent agents for distributed heterogeneous information retrieval and agent support to information search process in DLs; and services in traditional libraries, including user interface for library information systems, automatic reference services and multi‐agent architecture for library services. For each paper on the topic, its new ideas or models, referred work, analyses, experiments, findings and conclusions are addressed.

The majority of the literature covers DLs and there have been fewer studies about services in traditional libraries. A variety of architecture, framework and models integrating agent technology in library systems or services are proposed, but only a few have been implemented in the practical environment. The application of agent technology is still at the research and experimentation stage. Agent technology has great potential in many areas in the library context; however it presents challenges to libraries that want to be involved in its adoption.

The survey has practical implications for libraries, librarians and computer professionals in developing projects that employ intelligent agent technology to meet end‐users' expectations as well as to improve information services within limited resources in library settings.

The paper provides a comprehensive survey on the development and research of intelligent agents in libraries in literature.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the application of intelligent agents (IAs) in organizational memory systems within the larger schema of knowledge management (KM) strategies. This includes targeted roles of IAs in relation to institutional memory approaches.

A conceptual exploration of related sections of the Grundspenkis seven-layer intelligent enterprise memory framework that serves to identify, retain, deliver and reuse information for future utilization is conducted. Applications of IAs in multiple industries are presented to illustrate the conceptual model in practice.

This paper identifies arising roles that IAs perform in information search, retrieval and analysis in the organizational memory formation process and extensions that have emerged in a non-linear bi-directional form. These layered roles include obtaining and reapplying important information as part of extended human–machine cognition.

While exploratory and conceptual in nature, this research paper discusses IAs as possible components in the advancement of organization memory.

By analyzing the application of IAs in different industries, across select layers of a KM structure, groundwork is laid for both descriptive research (i.e. where and how artificial intelligence is being used in those industries) and prescriptive practice (i.e. how other industries can benefit from such assistance and what patterns of implementation to expect).

This study explores the role IAs play in helping knowledge workers gather, retain and find relevant information and how KM strategies may assist organizational memory.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a library website model. Further, the paper discusses a designer’s checklist and an evaluative instrument that were constructed based on the proposed model.

The model was developed through a Delphi study that was participated by two panels of experts. The researcher communicated with the panel members via e-mail using two Delphi instruments designed out of two item pools that were developed based on the knowledge gained from surveying the literature, visiting the selected libraries and exploring the library websites. Then, a designer’s checklist and an evaluative instrument were derived from the proposed model through a series of brainstorming sessions.

The proposed model consisted of altogether 140 items (60 web content elements and 80 web design features). The designer’s checklist comprises all 140 items, and the evaluative instrument comprises 60 content elements and 57 design features.

This study has developed an academic library website model and derived two instruments based on the proposed model. Further studies are needed to customize, particularly, the web content pillar of this conceptual model, to meet the specific needs of different types of libraries including public libraries, special libraries, school libraries, etc.

The designer’s checklist and the evaluative instrument derived from the proposed model are useful tools for library professionals in designing, re-designing, maintaining and evaluating their library websites. The librarians may use these tools for both institutional and research purposes.

The model and the two instruments proposed by this study are unique in focus, origin, content and presentation.

The purpose of this paper is to show how consumer researchers have used experimental design of ideas to understand emotions.

The approach was “quali‐quant,” mixing the insights of qualitative research with the numerical rigor of quantitative research. Consumers were presented with small, easy to understand test concepts created by experimental design to obtain their reactions. The paper looks at the impact of emotion‐language on acceptance, through individual‐level regression modeling.

Models were developed for each respondent. It was found that the emotion elements are not key drivers of interest in the product. The paper did, however, find individuals who were sensitive to some emotion elements, but not to others, leading to the conclusion that responses to emotion in concepts may emerge out of the interaction of individual respondents and the concept elements.

The key limitation of this type of research is that it requires a specific internet‐based program (IdeaMap.Net) which does all the combinations, acquires the data, and then analyzes it.

The paper shows how to better understand the role of emotions in written concepts.

The paper presents a totally new treatment of emotion, by looking at emotion in terms of the stimulus and the respondent together. It shows that emotion is an emergent or new entity, not inherent in the predisposition of a group of individuals, nor in the nature of the stimulus.

The purpose of this study is to describe the environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) of AISI 316L stainless steel as bare and coated cases in several corrosion environments. The main purpose of this study is to extend the lifespan of 316L material under corrosive fatigue in sodium chloride environments.

Fatigue tests carried out by using a Schenk type plane bending fatigue machine made by Tokyokoki Co. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the fracture surfaces and tested specimen surfaces. The micro-Vickers hardness of specimens was measured by using a PC-controlled Buehler–Omnimet tester.

Under reciprocating bending condition (R = −1) the behavior of 316L SS bare samples and 316L SS coated with Al-5%Mg samples were investigated comparatively at room temperature in ambient air and in several corrosion solutions. The results obtained from the data showed that Al-5Mg coating procedure significantly stabilized the 316L SS even in the most aggressive environment 5 per cent NaCl solution as compared with bare samples.

Al-5Mg coating showed a stable structure under the corrosion liquids used in the experiments. The coating material served as a stable barrier between the base material and the corrosion fluid, thus ensuring a tightness even in long-term tests below the endurance limit.