Eyvind Elstad, Knut‐Andreas Christophersen and Are Turmo
Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) involves discretionary behaviour advantageous to the organisation that goes beyond existing role expectations. The purpose of this paper…
Abstract
Purpose
Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) involves discretionary behaviour advantageous to the organisation that goes beyond existing role expectations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between the strength of accountability and teachers’ OCB within three different management systems in which teachers are working: a system of assessment‐based accountability; a system of the gradual introduction of accountability devices; and a system with no tests or examinations.
Design/methodology/approach
Structural equation modelling of cross‐sectional surveys from the three different management systems was used to estimate the path coefficients and to compare the strength of relationships between concepts in the models.
Findings
The analysis shows that the factors that influence OCB in an accountability regime are clearly different from those in a regime with weak or no accountability devices.
Research limitations/implications
A cross‐sectional study does not allow us to test causal relationships among antecedents of organisational citizenship behaviour. The use of self‐reported questionnaire data is another shortcoming. Furthermore, the response rates leave uncertainty about whether the samples are representative.
Practical implications
The strength of accountability in education governance might influence OCB among teachers. Educational administrators could benefit from exploring this issue to help the establishment of institutional arrangements.
Social implications
The paper shows that OCB amongst teachers is essential for the smooth functioning of schools for several reasons.
Originality/value
The study integrates three strands of theories that have their focal points in employees’ perceptions of exchange: Shore's theory on employee‐organisation relationships; Bryk and Schneider's theory on trust in schools; and theories on accountability.
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ALTHOUGH it would be churlish to deny that, once again, the United States provided the largest and perhaps, technically speaking, the most interesting part of the International…
Abstract
ALTHOUGH it would be churlish to deny that, once again, the United States provided the largest and perhaps, technically speaking, the most interesting part of the International Air Show, and that the British contribution was comprehensive, this article will take the form of a report based principally on the exhibits of the French and German industries. We believe that our readers will be sufficiently well informed regarding current American products, and the proximity of the Farnborough Air Show signals a separate report on that occasion regarding the progress of British aviation. We discuss, in our leader, some of the outstanding overall features of the Paris Meeting.
A. McClements and S/Ldr. A. Armitage
UNDER the stimulus of military interest helicopter development went ahead (notably in America and Germany) during the war years and helicopter production resulted which, while…
Abstract
UNDER the stimulus of military interest helicopter development went ahead (notably in America and Germany) during the war years and helicopter production resulted which, while very modest, was on a scale never previously approached.
IN the September, 1956, issue of AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING, Mr McClements and Sq./Ldr. Armitagc surveyed ‘Helicopter Developments during the Post‐War Years’. The purpose of the present…
Abstract
IN the September, 1956, issue of AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING, Mr McClements and Sq./Ldr. Armitagc surveyed ‘Helicopter Developments during the Post‐War Years’. The purpose of the present article is to discuss the subsequent developments which have taken place during the last six years. This period has been one of continued expansion in helicopter development and of much more widespread utilization of helicopters in both military and commercial operation. Since their initial development, over 150 different types of helicopter have been successfully flown. This figure includes many experimental machines or prototypes built by small groups. The major helicopter constructors have put about 40 types into quantity production and over 10,000 helicopters have been built in the Western countries. These have been predominantly for the military services, the large majority being built in U.S.A., but something approaching 2,000 have been used in commercial operations.
THIS year's Paris Salon was conspicuously successful, and notably justified the adherence to the international biennial show formula. The permanent building was extended with two…
Abstract
THIS year's Paris Salon was conspicuously successful, and notably justified the adherence to the international biennial show formula. The permanent building was extended with two large wings of match‐boarding, and there were nearly 200 stands, many representing groups. An increased British participation reflected the opinion that this show is becoming the most important of its kind anywhere.
Ahmed M. Ellakany, Mohamad Ali, Mohamed A. El-Gohary and Mohamed Elkholy
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a numerical model to investigate static response of elastic steel-concrete beams. The numerical model is based on the lumped system with…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a numerical model to investigate static response of elastic steel-concrete beams. The numerical model is based on the lumped system with the combination of the transfer matrix and the analog beam methods (ABM). The beams are composed of an upper concrete slab and a lower steel beam, connected at the interface by shear transmitting studs. This type of beam is widely used in constructions especially for highway bridges. The static field and point transfer matrices for the element of the elastic composite beam are derived. The present model is verified and is applied to study the static response of elastic composite beams with intermediate conditions. The intermediate condition is considered as an elastic support with various values of stiffness. The elastic support can be considered rigid when the stiffness has very high values. The influence effect of shear stiffness between the upper slab and lower beam, and the end shear restraint on the static behavior of the composite beams is studied. In addition, the change in the stiffness of the elastic support is also highlighted.
Design/methodology/approach
The objective of this study is to introduce a numerical model based on lumped system to calculate the static performance of elastic composite bridge beams having intermediate elastic support by combining the ABM with the transfer matrix method (TMM). The developed model is applicable for studying static and dynamic responses of steel-concrete elastic composite beams with different end conditions taking into account the effect of partial shear interactions. The validity of the lumped mass model is checked by comparing its results with a distributed model and good agreements are achieved (Ellakany and Tablia, 2010).
Findings
A model based on the lumped system of the elastic composite steel-concrete bridge beam with intermediate elastic support under static load is presented. The model takes into consideration the effect of the end shear restraint together with the interaction between the upper slab and the lower beam. Combining the analogical beam method with the TMM and analyzing the behavior of the elastic composite beam in terms of shear studs and stiffness, the following outcomes can be drawn: end shear restraint and stiffness of the shear layer are the two main factors affecting the response of elastic composite beams in terms of both the deflection and the moments. Using end shear restraint reduces the deflection extensively by about 40 percent compared to if it is not used assuming that: there is no interaction between the upper slab and the lower beam and the beam is acting as simply supported. As long as the shear layer stiffness increases or interaction exists, the deflection decreases. This reduced rate in deflection is smaller in case of existence of end shear restraint. The effect of the end shear restraint is more prevailing on reducing the deflections in case of partial interactions. However, its effect completely diminishes in case of complete interaction. Presence of the end shear restraint and shear layer stiffness produces almost the same variations in the components of the bending moments of the composite beam. Finally, for a complete interaction, comparing the case of using end shear restraint or the case without it, the differences in the values of the deflections and moments are almost negligible.
Research limitations/implications
The following assumptions related to the theory of ABM: shear studs connecting both sub-beams are modeled as a thin shear layer, each sub-beam has the same vertical displacement and the shear deformation in the sub-beams is neglected.
Practical implications
The developed model can be effectively used for a quick estimation of the dynamic responses of elastic composite beams in real life rather than utilizing complicated numerical models.
Social implications
The applications of this model can be further extended for studying the behavior of complex bridge beams that will guarantee the safety of the public in a quick view.
Originality/value
Previous models combined the TMM with the ABM for studying the static and free-vibration behaviors of elastic composite beams assuming that the field element is subjected to a distributed load. To study the dynamic response of elastic composite beams subjected to different moving loads using transfer matrix ABM, it was essential to use a massless field element and concentrate the own weight of the beam at the point element. This model is considered a first step for studying the impact factors of elastic composite beams subjected to moving loads.
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On the theoretical level, this chapter examines the mechanisms through which cultural and financial capital affects educational outcomes in different institutional contexts. On…
Abstract
On the theoretical level, this chapter examines the mechanisms through which cultural and financial capital affects educational outcomes in different institutional contexts. On the methodological level, the central question in this chapter is how to resolve concerns in comparative analyses of educational attainment, such as variations in enrolment rates and study program duration across institutional settings. On the empirical level, the chapter asks whether family background predicts educational attainment in similar ways in two diametrically opposed welfare states: the United States and Norway. Differences in dropout from higher education were compared using nationally representative longitudinal data from the United States and Norway and event history and multilevel modelling techniques. The chapter also makes use of the standardized sheaf coefficient to summarize central background variables for more direct comparison of effect sizes. The findings show that whereas parents’ education level has strikingly similar effects on students’ dropout probabilities in the two countries, the effect of parents’ income varies substantially according to the institutional context. The chapter concludes that in comparative analyses of inequality in education the value of different types of family resources must be understood in light of the concrete, practical constraints of the national institutional contexts.
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Both BAeCAM and RWT produce range of products which provide factory management systems. They link a company's corporate computing systems to the shop floor level and provide full…
Abstract
Both BAeCAM and RWT produce range of products which provide factory management systems. They link a company's corporate computing systems to the shop floor level and provide full control of manufacturing activities. BAeCAM's products are based on Digital VAX hardware, whilst those from RWT are PC‐based, running under MS‐DOS and OS/2.
Specialist surface treatment subcontractor, Impact Finishers Limited, has been awarded BS 5750 Part II, and is believed to be the first company of its kind to receive this coveted…
Abstract
Specialist surface treatment subcontractor, Impact Finishers Limited, has been awarded BS 5750 Part II, and is believed to be the first company of its kind to receive this coveted British Standard qualification.
THE RS.360 was conceived in the mid 60's as a turboshaft engine, for helicopter application and operation in the 1970's. It is one of three engines in the Anglo‐French Helicopter…
Abstract
THE RS.360 was conceived in the mid 60's as a turboshaft engine, for helicopter application and operation in the 1970's. It is one of three engines in the Anglo‐French Helicopter Agreement ratified in 1967. This agreement covered three helicopters — a medium, the SNIAS Puma with Turmo IIIC4 engines, a SNIAS LOH Gazelle with Astazou IIIN and a utility helicopter, the Westland Lynx. The RS.360 was chosen as the power plant for this helicopter and the design has been closely tailored to suit this aircraft. It is of modern design, but using ‘state of the art’ technology with the objective of providing a reliable, easily maintained power plant with particular emphasis on multi‐engine applications. A two spool gas generator layout was chosen for overall mechanical simplicity and to provide a good acceleration characteristic over the whole speed range. This arrangement eliminated the need for air blow‐off or sophisticated variable geometry. An important feature of the engine is the use of a modular concept permitting the replacement of major assemblies without the need for sophisticated equipment. Inherent in the design is the potential for adequate power growth. Provision has been made for extensive condition monitoring facilities in addition to normal flight requirements, ie intrascope access, magnetic chip detectors and SOAP.