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In client/server distributed systems, the server is often the bottleneck. Improving the server performance is thus crucial for improving the overall performance of distributed information systems. Real‐time system is required to complete its work and deliver its services on a timely basis. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new scheduling algorithm for real‐time distributed system (client/server model) to achieve the above‐mentioned goal.

The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms are computational models inspired by the collective foraging behavior of ants. They provide inherent parallelism and robustness. Therefore, they are appropriate for scheduling of tasks in soft real‐time systems. During simulation, results are obtained with periodic tasks, measured in terms of success ratio and effective CPU utilization; and compared with results of earliest deadline first (EDF) algorithm in the same environment.

Analysis and experiments show that the proposed algorithm is equally efficient during underloaded conditions. The performance of EDF decreases as the load increases, but the proposed algorithm works well in overloaded conditions also. Because of this type of property, the proposed algorithm is more suitable for the situation when future workload of the system is unpredictable.

The application of ACO algorithms for scheduling of client/server real‐time distributed system, never found before in the literature. The new concept proposed in this paper will be of great significance to both theoretical and practical research in scheduling of distributed systems in the years to come.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study about the capacity utilization analysis in a small-sized manufacturing company through the application of time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC). After a brief overview of development of the TDABC system, a detailed application of TDABC and capacity utilization analysis in a bakery is given.

This paper is based on a case study about the application of TDABC in a small-sized Greek manufacturing firm. In the case study, time equations were developed for the supporting, operating and manufacturing departments and product costs determined based on the model. Capacity utilization analysis made through the application of TDABC system.

The study shows that TDABC is more applicable in small-sized manufacturing companies because of their labor-intensive nature. In contrast to previous studies, authors argue that even in small firms simple excel sheets are not enough to capture the complexity of the time equations and business intelligence software and programming coding is required.

Although the fundamental structure of TDABC is the same for all companies there is no strict form of application.

The practical implication of this paper is that each firm has unique characteristics that need to be reflected in the application of the TDABC model.

This paper contributes by providing insights into cost accounting in SMEs. More specifically, this paper contributes to the TDABC literature regarding the application of the system in small and medium sized manufacturing firms.

This study uses self-determination theory (SDT) to investigate the impact of limited-time deals and credit card usage on online impulse buying behavior, with a focus on hedonic motivation as a mediating variable.

A survey was conducted with 290 participants from northern India, specifically Punjab, Haryana, Delhi NCR and Chandigarh. The current analysis validates the conceptual framework using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) methodology.

The results indicate that limited-time deals and credit card usage have a favorable impact on both hedonic motivation and online impulse buying behavior. Additionally, hedonic motivation mediates the relationship between limited-time deals, credit card usage and online impulse buying behavior.

The study’s originality stems from its novel application of the SDT to investigate the effects of limited-time deals and credit card usage on online impulse buying. By exploring the mediating role of hedonic motivation, it sheds new light on the psychological dynamics of online consumer behavior.

Advertising clutter has fueled the rise of nontraditional advertising methods. The current study, conducted in India, adopted the consumer socialization framework to assess product placement attitudes and behaviors.

A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to gauge consumers' responses to product placements. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze the relationship between different variables.

The results revealed that young Indian adults are positive about product placements as they believe that incorporating brands into the content adds realism. The authors found that socialization agents significantly impact viewers' attitudes toward product placements which in turn influence their purchase intentions. The authors also found that product acceptability impacts consumers' purchase intentions.

This paper provides important insights into consumers' perceptions of product placements. Based on the findings, marketers can formulate effective product placement strategies.

Most of the studies existing in this area have been conducted in the developed markets except a few which have been conducted in the emerging markets. Hence, the present study is an attempt to fill this research gap. This study is among the first to establish a relationship between product acceptability and consumers' purchase intentions.

Construction projects were significantly and negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and many researchers have examined the factors that affected the performance and resilience of construction projects during that critical and unusual time. Unlike this study, however, these studies were broad in their approach and provided general overviews of the unique problems caused by the virus. This study is more specific in its approach, as it both identifies the critical elements of the compromised performance and resilience of construction during this time and explores the interplay between them.

A survey was developed to gather information about why the resilience and performance of construction projects were so negatively impacted by COVID-19. Three types of analysis were employed to examine the 131 responses received: robust relative importance index (RII), agreement and correlation.

The RII analysis revealed that the main contributing factor was the unavailability of materials. The agreement analysis highlighted the relative unimportance of the scale and type of the organization, and the correlation analysis divulged strong relationships between some of the factors, such as skilled labor deficits and diminished labor efficiency, logistical constraints and availability of materials.

The insights provided by this study will equip construction industry stakeholders, policymakers and researchers with valuable guidelines for making decisions and maintaining resilience amid disruptions. It will also provide a framework for future studies and interventions aimed at fortifying the construction industry against similar crises.

The purpose of this study is to address the significant impact AVs will have on public services and the ability of first responders to conduct their jobs safely and effectively. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to drastically change the transportation industry, and it is vital that first responders be equipped to integrate them into their occupational responsibilities.

A systematic literature review was conducted, and following a multistep exclusion process, 161 articles were selected for detailed review. The impacts of AVs on first responders were identified, classified and categorized into lists of challenges and opportunities. Based on the findings of the literature review, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis was conducted, and stakeholder management strategies were designed.

Through the examination of the impacts of AVs on first responders, 17 identified challenges and opportunities were classified into the following categories: AV-related emergency response and training, perceptions and acceptance of AVs, technology development and laws and regulations. The study revealed that the optimal benefits of AVs would require stakeholders to focus more on how they interact with first responders; thus, 14 stakeholder management strategies were identified. First responders, AV manufacturers, legislators and future research paths will all benefit from this study, as it can facilitate smooth interactions between AVs and first responders.

A range of studies have been published on the safety of AVs and the public’s perceptions of this new technology; however, the integration of AVs and their interactions with first responders has been neglected. The goal of this study was to fill that research gap by providing a thorough synthesis of autonomous driving systems in the context of their interactions with first responders.

The case is written on the basis of published sources only.

Doodlage, a start-up incorporated in 2012 by Kriti Tula, Paras Arora and Vaibhav Kapoor, used discarded waste to create sustainable fashion products. It had a first-mover advantage in recycled fashion goods in the first 10 years of its existence. The company contributed to sustainable fashion by providing an alternative to fast fashion production, creating enormous clothing waste and environmental degradation. In the first quarter of 2022, it saved and reused 15,000 m of fabric waste. From 2018 to 2021, the company grew 150% annually, targeting the right customers and regions to expand its business. It ensured that postproduction industrial waste and postconsumption garments were used to produce clothes. It also confirmed that the waste generated in its fabric screening process was used to create stationery items and other valuable accessories.

However, the sustainable fashion model that gave the company a competitive advantage became obsolete in 2022 due to increasing competition in the industry as various players using unique ideas entered the market. The company is encountering operational and logistical challenges that are affecting its performance. The demand for its products was also subdued due to high prices of upcycled and recycled clothes and less consumer spending post-COVID pandemic. The competitors of Doodlage offered multiple products produced using environmentally friendly farming and manufacturing techniques, attracting sustainable purchasers. What should be the new portfolio of products for the company to explore future growth opportunities? Considering their vast price, can consumers be encouraged to buy upcycled clothes? How should the company ride the winds of change in the industry?

The instructor should initiate the class discussion by asking questions such as how frequently do you shop for clothes? Do you care about the fabric of your apparel? After you discard your clothes, do you think about where these goods finally end up? Data on the amount of total waste generated in the fashion industry should be communicated to students to connect it with the importance of the concept of circular economy. Post this, the instructor should introduce the business model of Doodlage to bring the discussion into the context of the fashion industry before going ahead to discuss the company’s dilemma.

The learning outcomes are as follows: determine the conditions founders encounter when their company is not on the right track; examine the importance of ethics in entrepreneurship; draw up a broad framework to understand the degree of trouble an organization is in and how far it has gone since the early warning signs of trouble; and formulate a comprehensive solution for entrepreneurial founders to extricate their ventures from a crisis.

India-based Edtech company Byju’s was facing a slew of challenges as of mid-2023. Its founder and CEO Byju Raveendran needed to steer the company out of trouble.

Post Graduate/Executive Education.

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

CSS3: Entrepreneurship.

A “state-driven” approach suggests that colonists use census categories to rule. However, a “society-driven” approach suggests that this state-driven perspective confers too much power upon states. A third approach views census-taking and official categorization as a product of state–society interaction that depends upon: (a) the population's lay categories, (b) information intellectuals' ability to take up and transform these lay categories, and (c) the balance of power between social and state actors. We evaluate the above positions by analyzing official records, key texts, travelogues, and statistical memoirs from three key periods in India: Indus Valley civilization through classical Gupta rule (ca. 3300 BCE–700 CE), the “medieval” period (ca. 700–1700 CE), and East India Company (EIC) rule (1757–1857 CE), using historical narrative. We show that information gathering early in the first period was society driven; however, over time, a strong interactive pattern emerged. Scribes (information intellectuals) increased their social status and power (thus, shifting the balance of power) by drawing on caste categories (lay categories) and incorporating them into official information gathering. This intensification of interactive information gathering allowed the Mughals, the EIC, and finally British direct rule officials to collect large quantities of information. Our evidence thus suggests that the intensification of state–society interactions over time laid the groundwork for the success of the direct rule British censuses. It also suggests that any transformative effect of these censuses lay in this interactive pattern, not in the strength of the British colonial state.

The COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges to the construction sector, emphasizing the need for resilience to maintain productivity, ensure project safety and support a sustainable built environment. This study aims to investigate resilience tactics adopted by the Nigerian construction sector to mitigate the pandemic’s impact, addressing a gap in existing literature on resilience practices in developing economies.

An extensive literature review identified resilience tactics applied in the construction industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. A questionnaire was developed based on this information. It was distributed to registered consulting and contracting firms in Nigeria. The data was analyzed using mean score, standard deviation and exploratory factor analysis, with reliability confirmed via Cronbach’s alpha.

Four main resilience tactics emerged from the analysis: new ideas/innovative tactics, financial sustainability tactics, contractual flexibility tactics and smart construction safety. Among these, the innovative tactic was identified as the most significant, reflecting a shift toward adaptive, technology-driven approaches. These tactics were crucial in enhancing worker engagement, maintaining productivity and improving safety protocols during the pandemic.

This study provides actionable insights for construction stakeholders and organizations, equipping them to implement these resilience tactics in anticipation of future disruptions. The application of these tactics strengthens the sector’s ability to withstand and recover from crises.

This study uniquely contributes to resilience literature by offering a structured, empirical analysis of crisis management in Nigeria’s construction sector, differing from prior studies by focusing on a developing-economy context. It advances the understanding of sustainable resilience, enriching the body of knowledge on construction industry adaptability.