Outlines the history and functions of BEMS – Building energyand management systems and is intended as a briefing note to those notdirectly involved with the application of…
Abstract
Outlines the history and functions of BEMS – Building energy and management systems and is intended as a briefing note to those not directly involved with the application of building controls, but who work with those who are. It details the technical aspects of the system, and discusses both schemes for future development and the system′s relevance to structural engineers.
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Outlines the structure and working arrangements of the Building ServicesResearch and Information Association (BSRIA) and gives examples ofprojects using its £1.2 million research…
Abstract
Outlines the structure and working arrangements of the Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA) and gives examples of projects using its £1.2 million research programme. Emphasizes the wide spectrum of construction industry membership and how this can greatly enhance the value of research for the industry.
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The purpose of this paper is to consider what the author might call the evolution of the evolutionary argument about gangs and, while acknowledging its explanatory power, suggests…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to consider what the author might call the evolution of the evolutionary argument about gangs and, while acknowledging its explanatory power, suggests that gangs may develop in very different ways depending on the available opportunities, pre-existing forms of criminality in the areas in which gangs emerge and global change.
Design/methodology/approach
It is based on a review of the relevant literature and interviews with purposive samples of research, criminal justice and social welfare professionals and young people involved in or affected by gang crime. Findings were triangulated with data held by the police and other public authorities.
Findings
The term “street gang” includes a wide variety of groupings all of which are involved in some form of crime but with differential levels of organisation and commitment to purely instrumental goals. Gangs may form but not necessarily evolve. Gangs appear to develop in very different ways depending on the available opportunities, pre-existing forms of criminality in the areas in which they emerge and global changes in drugs markets.
Originality/value
The originality of the paper consists in its interrogation of the concept of “gang evolution” and its discussion of the variety of forms and evolutionary trajectories of gangs.