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This paper aims to propose a structured threat information expression (STIX)-based data representation for privacy-preserving data analysis to report format and semantics of specific data types and to represent sticky policies in the format of embedded human-readable data sharing agreements (DSAs). More specifically, the authors exploit and extend the STIX standard to represent in a structured way analysis-ready pieces of data and the attached privacy policies.

The whole scheme is designed to be completely compatible with the STIX 2.0 standard for cyber-threat intelligence (CTI) representation. The proposed scheme will be implemented in this work by defining the complete scheme for representing an email, which is more expressive than the standard one defined for STIX, designed specifically for spam email analysis.

Moreover, the paper provides a new scheme for general DSA representation that has been practically applied for the process of encoding specific attributes in different CTI reports.

Because of the chosen approach, the research results may have limitations. Specifically, current practice for entity recognition has the limitation that was discovered during the research. However, its effect on process time was minimized and the way for improvement was proposed.

This paper has covered the existing gap including the lack of generality in DSA representation for privacy-preserving analysis of structured CTI. Therefore, the new model for DSA representation was introduced, as well as its practical implementation.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the brand communication on social media (SM) made by two- and three-starred restaurants and the customer reaction in terms of engagement effects during a crisis. The research highlights the connections between brand communication and engagement dynamics on Instagram by looking for differences in the strategies of two and three-starred restaurants and by highlighting the changes in the background engagement drivers.

Using data collected from 5,666 Instagram posts by 34 Italian Michelin-starred restaurants, the authors analysed the crisis-driven changes in online communication and customer engagement comparing three phases of the COVID-19 pandemic by applying a linear regression model with fixed effects.

Michelin-starred restaurants changed their strategies of brand communication to overcome the effects of the crisis. The findings highlight the importance of SM as a tool to stay in touch with consumers and the pivotal role of customers in engagement, especially during a pandemic.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is among the first studies to investigate the changes in brand communication and the effects on customer engagement during a pandemic, with a focus on Instagram. It contributes to understanding the role of platform and the main drivers of engagement on Instagram, as well as suggesting how managers can improve brand value using SM.