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As the volume of publishing on the Internet grows, there is a need to provide better access to management resources on the World Wide Web. This article describes how information researchers at the Institute of Management in the UK, compiled a directory of management Web sites called Management Link. The whole process is covered, from searching for relevant sites to arranging them in categories and laying out the Management Link Web pages. Attention is also given to publicising the directory and setting up a monitoring programme to ensure that Management Link remains current.

The purpose of this paper is to test whether household preferences satisfy the assumption of base-independence, to examine the effects of household income on equivalence scales and thereby food consumption economies of scale and to examine how far conventional poverty rates require adjustment when scale economies in food consumption are taken into consideration.

To achieve these aims, the authors use a Pendakur (1999) adaptation of the test of base-independence, and income dependent Engel (1895) equivalence scales.

In Sri Lanka, the hypothesis of base-independence is rejected: the equivalence scales increase with household income both at the national and the sectoral level, that is urban, rural and estate sectors. This suggests that low-income households enjoy greater scale economies. After adjusting for scale economies, urban, rural and estate poverty headcount ratios decline by 3.2, 8.8 and 13.7, respectively, while at the national level the decline is about 8.3.

The results are based on the assumption that all of the adults in the households have identical tastes, irrespective of their gender and age. Furthermore, the survey data exclude three districts in the northern province of Sri Lanka due to resettlement activities took place after the civil war.

Higher scale economies among the poor imply that poverty among low-income households is overstated when using traditional measures of poverty rates.

The novelty of this paper is that it provides insights on the effect of income on food consumption economies of scale and implications of this phenomenon on poverty estimates in the context of a developing country like Sri Lanka.

Building on the social network view and new product development perspective, the purpose of this paper is to examine how knowledge is transferred between identical, yet geographically distant units within a multinational corporation.

An embedded case study of Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) examining core drivers that impact on inter‐unit knowledge transfers between six events and exhibitions (E&E) units located in Europe, Asia, and Australasia.

The data highlight that effective knowledge transfer between E&E units depends on a combination of key drivers, such as social network ties, absorptive capacity, learning adaptiveness, and communication channels. The findings suggest that the search for and transfer of knowledge depends foremost on the applicability of context‐specific knowledge rather than its complexity.

The focus is on one specific manufacturing sector and specific drivers to knowledge transfer in this sector, limiting the generalisation of the findings. Also, the findings were drawn from a limited sample of in‐depth practitioner interviews and did not integrate any outcome measures to successful knowledge transfer in their approach.

The paper offers guidelines for firms and specifically E&E managers to observe the specificity of knowledge and how this affects its limited applicability for other identical units.

Managers foremost need is to examine the unique context under which knowledge is acquired; only then are they in a position to decide how much knowledge transfer via different network and communication channels is needed between geographically dispersed E&E units.

The development of the Pacific seaborne coal trade since 1960 has been central to East Asia's economic expansion. In exploring the growth of this trade this paper seeks to understand why Japanese steel mills (JSMs), the world's largest coal importers, used few of the strategies that one would expect in the light of resource dependency theory, relying instead on market exchanges.

This study relies primarily on archival sources, held by the Departments of Mines and Natural Resources in Victoria (British Columbia) and Brisbane (Australia) to reconstruct changing patterns of supply and price in the Pacific coal trade.

It is found that by relying on a strategy that amounted to “vertical quasi‐integration” JSMs were able to use their combined power to dictate the terms of market exchanges with buyers during the 1980 and 1990s. By 2000, however, this strategy had become counter‐productive, as low prices fostered the emergence of a powerful Australian‐based selling oligopoly.

The study contributes towards the growing study of transnational events, experiences and institutions in management history, filling a noticeable gap in resource dependency theory, which has not previously explored the long‐term consequences of strategies aimed at reducing dependency.

East Asia has become the major engine for world economic growth and manufacturing output since the 1970s, and this study explores for the first time the genesis and development of the Pacific coal trade that has underpinned this growth.

The study demonstrates the long‐term adverse consequences of attempts to manipulate buyer‐supplier relationships to minimise cost inputs. By creating a low‐cost environment, coal buyers ensured the emergence of a sellers' cartel that eventually forced up world coal prices to the detriment of consumers.

No previous study has attempted a study of a major international commodity trade over such an extensive timeframe. It is likely that similar attempts to manipulate supply and price in other commodity trades will, over time, result in similar outcomes.

This paper aims to sketch the outline of a systems framework for creativity. It involves several levels of analysis and addresses researchers and practitioners. When improving creative climates in work settings, it is necessary to have a better understanding of the various mechanisms of creativity and what strengthens or diminishes them.

Creativity research is fragmented and involves multiple aspects, levels and disciplines, ranging from biology to psychology and sociology. Concepts from systems science have particular value in understanding creativity, as they provide a transdisciplinary language of how systems work and adapt. This conceptual paper makes use of the language and concepts from the systems field to connect often disparate perspectives and clarify key mechanisms of creativity.

The core of this paper is a newly developed multilevel model of the creative mind. The proposed concepts provide a starting point for integrating further theoretical findings.

Improved understanding of creativity could help leaders more effectively use their creativity while facilitating the creativity of others for successful cooperation and problem-solving.

The visual models introduced here help bridge theory and practice while creating a stronger link between creativity research and studies in systems, cybernetics and complexity.

In 2017, the Journal of Knowledge Management (JKM) celebrates its 20th anniversary. This study aims to show an updated analysis of their publications to provide a general overview of the journal, focusing on a bibliometric analysis of its publications between 1997 and 2016.

The methodology involves two procedures: a performance analysis and a science mapping analysis of JKM. The performance analysis uses a series of bibliometric indicators such as h-index, productivity and citations. This analysis considers different dimensions, including papers, authors, universities and countries. VOSviewer software is used to carry out the mapping of science of JKM, which, based on the concurrence of key words and co-citation points of view, seeks to graphically analyze the structure of the references of this journal.

There is a positive evolution in the number of publications (although with certain oscillations), which shows a growing interest in publishing in JKM. The USA and the UK lead the publications in this journal, although at a regional level, Europe is the most productive. The low participation of emerging economies in JKM is also observed.

The paper will identify the leading trends in the journal in terms of papers, authors, institutions, countries, journals and keywords. This study is useful for obtaining a quick snapshot of what is happening in the journal.

From the historical record of JKM publications, this study presents an exclusive bibliometric analysis of its publications until 2016 and identifies its main trends.

This paper aims to investigate participants’ motivations and perceptions of a field trip. Specifically, this paper examines if and how students’ perceptions change with time and it explores the main factors for ensuring success in an experiential learning tourism program.

The study gathered and compared data collected in two points in time – immediately at the end of the experience and two months afterward. T-tests for paired samples were used to examine potential differences in perceptions and principal component analysis was used to identify the key factors determining the success of the experience.

The findings indicate that there are various motivations behind participation and that time barely affects perceptions of the experience. Furthermore, three factors emerged as important for meeting expectations, namely, social and professional connections, learning and traditional yet engaging teaching.

While the outcomes are useful, they need to be thoughtfully applied because of the small data set. It is important to repeat similar investigations to allow more certainty in the propositions formulated. Furthermore, future studies should evaluate a broader variety of outcomes to determine whether perceptions remain constant. The implications are that educators and destination managers can easily apply these conclusions for the benefit and the findings can inform other field trips and broader experiential initiatives.

Despite research on learning outcomes and perceptions of experiential learning having expanded considerably, a fundamental question that remains unanswered is how perceptions of such experiences change and, consequently, when the most appropriate time is to assess participant perceptions.

研学旅游与体验式学习：学生对田野实践的认知

摘要

本文的研究目的是为了探讨学生对于研学旅游中田野实践的参与动机和观念。特别地, 本文检验了学生的观念是否以及如何随时间变化, 并探讨了影响体验式研学旅行项目成功实施的关键因素。

该研究在两个时间点收集数据, 一是在完成体验式学习之后立即进行数据收集, 二是在两个月后再次进行数据收集。研究主要采用配对样本T检验来检验认知的潜在差异, 采用主成分分析法来识别影响该体验能否成功的关键因素。

研究结果表明, 参加体验式研学旅行的人们有着不同的动机, 时间基本不影响参与者对研学体验的认知。此外, 三个因素显得十分重要：社交和专业联系、学习、传统的参与式教学。

尽管本研究的结果有重要的实践价值, 但由于样本量相对较小, 需要谨慎应用此研究结果。本研究认为, 有必要在未来的研究中进行类似的重复研究, 以确保所得出的结论具有稳健性。此外, 未来的研究应当考虑更多的结果, 从而判断参与者的认知是否稳定。本文的研究意义有三：教育工作者以及旅游目的地经理人可以轻松应用这些结论来盈利, 可以启发其他类型的田野实践, 启发更一般的体验式学习项目。

近来, 虽然关于体验式学习成效、体验式学习认知的研究迅速增加, 但一个尚未被解答的根本性问题是：体验式学习的认知是如何变化的, 因此, 在哪个时间点去评估参与者的认知是最合适的？

Turismo educativo y aprendizaje experimental: percepciones de los estudiantes sobre las excursiones

El propósito de este estudio es investigar las motivaciones y percepciones de un viaje de campo. Específicamente, en este articulo se examina si las percepciones de los estudiantes cambian con el tiempo y se determinan los principales factores para asegurar el éxito de un programa de aprendizaje experimental de turismo.

El estudio reunió y comparó datos recopilados en dos puntos en el tiempo – directamente después de la experiencia y dos meses después. Se aplico la prueba “t” para muestras emparejadas para examinar las posibles diferencias en las percepciones y se utilizó el análisis de componentes principales para identificar los factores clave que determinan el éxito de la experiencia.

los resultados indican que hay varias motivaciones detrás de la participación y que el tiempo prácticamente no afecta las percepciones de la experiencia. Además, tres factores surgieron como fundamentales para cumplir con las expectativas de los estudiantes: conexiones sociales y profesionales, aprendizaje y enseñanza tradicional pero dinámica.

Si bien los resultados son útiles, deben aplicarse cuidadosamente debido al pequeño conjunto de datos. Es importante repetir investigaciones similares para permitir mayor certeza en las proposiciones formuladas. Además, los estudios futuros deberían evaluar una variedad más amplia de resultados para determinar si las percepciones permanecen constantes. Las implicaciones son que los educadores y los gerentes de destino pueden aplicar fácilmente estas conclusiones para beneficio y los hallazgos pueden informar otras excursiones e iniciativas experimentales más amplias.

Si bien la investigación sobre percepciones del aprendizaje experimental se ha ampliado considerablemente, una pregunta fundamental que queda sin respuesta es cómo cambian las percepciones de tales experiencias y, en consecuencia, cuándo es el momento más apropiado para evaluar las percepciones de los participantes.

This study aims to examine the anticipated and actual challenges encountered by occupational therapy and physiotherapy students during their first full-time professional placement and to understand the strategies they implemented to manage their multiple life roles.

Longitudinal qualitative research examined students’ anticipated and reported challenges with their first block professional placement and the strategies they implemented during it. In total, 22 occupational therapy and physiotherapy students were interviewed at two time points (pre- and post-placement), producing 44 interview data points. Transcribed interviews were analysed thematically using a hybrid approach.

Pre-placement, students perceived potential challenges related to the distance between their placement location and where they resided and their ability to maintain balance in their multiple roles. Post-placement, the main reported challenge was maintaining role balance, due to unexpected challenges and students’ unanticipated tiredness. Students implemented strategies to assist with managing multiple roles and reflected on the benefits and drawbacks of placements. They also considered the necessary future adjustments.

This study highlighted the importance of social support and the need for proactive recovery strategies to negate the tiredness that students experienced on placement.

This is the first study, to our knowledge, to investigate how allied health students, on their first block of professional placement, balanced their multiple roles over time.