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This paper compares the hedging performance of the minimum‐extended Gini hedge ratio (MEGHR) and the minimum‐variance hedge ratio (MVHR) using three emerging market currencies. The MEGHR is consistent with the expected utility hypothesis under very general conditions, unlike the MVHR which requires special distributional assumptions. Our sample violates these conditions, and thus provides a context for contrasting the performance of the MEGHR and MVHR. Our results show that the MVHR and MEGHR are indeed different and in some cases the differences are substantial, both statistically and in order of magnitude. This indicates that the MEGHR should provide superior hedging performance given its theoretical robustness. Our hedging performance results support this conclusion for all currencies.

Exposure risk managers can hedge exchange rate risk with either currency futures or currency options. It is generally suggested that hedgers should choose a hedge instrument that matches the risk profile of the underlying currency position as closely as possible. This advice, however, ignores the possibility that the hedging effectiveness may differ for the alternate risk management tools. This study compares the effectiveness of currency futures and currency options as hedging instruments for covered and uncovered currency positions. Based on Ederington's portfolio theory of hedging, the results show that currency futures provide the more effective covered hedge, while currency options (used to construct a synthetic futures contract) are more effective for an uncovered hedge. Hence, exposure risk managers do not have to sacrifice hedging effectiveness to obtain the desired risk profile. Corporations engaged in international business transactions are commonly exposed to exchange rate risk. Since management is concerned with currency exposure, it can hedge the anticipated exchange rate risk either with futures or options. The choice of the appropriate hedging tool is generally influenced by the type of currency exposure (transaction, translation, or economic risk), the size of the firm, the industry effect, the risk preference of the manager or the firm and his/her familiarity with the available financial instruments and techniques. It is also suggested that a hedger should choose a hedge instrument that matches the risk profile of the underlying currency position as closely as possible. Hence, futures contracts are more suitable for covered hedges, while option contracts are best used for uncovered hedges. Hedging effectiveness of these two hedge instruments must be considered as well in order to evaluate the cost of obtaining the desired risk profile. Some empirical research has shown that the futures contract provides both an appropriate risk profile and a more effective hedge than an options contract for covered positions. If these findings also hold for uncovered currency positions, then the hedging decision involves a trade‐off between the desired risk profile and hedging effectiveness. That is, a hedger would have to decide whether the extra risk protection afforded by the attractive risk profile of options is worth the loss in hedging performance. This study compares the hedging effectiveness of currency futures and currency options for both covered and uncovered positions. Ederington's risk‐minimizing approach is applied to estimate the hedging effectiveness and the least risk hedge ratios which, in turn, are used to assess the trade‐off between risk profile and hedging performance.

This special issue is devoted to a discussion of some major risks facing multinational companies (MNCs) in the operation of their global business. Multinational business is carried out in many ways including international trade and investment activities. Such enterprise may be confronted by a number of risks. Among these, the most important are foreign exchange risk, credit risk, interest rate risk, and political risk.