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This paper aims to introduce the concept of open-source hardware to the library professionals and gives a brief of the outlook of its current and potential application in libraries

The paper is based on a literature review.

Open source already aids libraries and has great potential but is hobbled by its intrinsically technical appeal.

The paper makes first observation towards the concept of open-source hardware with a slant towards librarianship.

This investigation aims to analyze the steel-flux interface level fluctuation because of electromagnetic stirring and its process parameters in a continuous casting billet mold.

An un-coupled numerical model for electromagnetic field generation and a coupled numerical model of electromagnetic field and two-phase fluid flow have been developed. The two-phase fluid flow has been modeled using volume of fluid method, in which externally generated time-varying electromagnetic field is coupled and analyzed using magnetohydrodynamic method. Top surface standing wave stability criteria are used to study the criticality of interface stability.

Results show that application electromagnetic field for stirring increases the interface level fluctuation, specifically at the mold corners and near the submerged entry nozzle. The increase in current intensity and stirrer width barely affect the interface level. However, interface level fluctuation increases considerably with increase in frequency. Using stability criteria, it is found that at 20 Hz frequency, the ratio of height to wavelength of interface wave increases much above the critical value. The iso-surface of the interface level shows that at 20 Hz frequency, mold flux gets entrapped into the liquid steel.

The model may be used during optimization of in-mold electromagnetic stirrer to avoid mold flux entrapment and control the cast quality.

The study of mold level fluctuation in the presence of in-mold electromagnetic stirrer has rarely been reported. The criticality of stirrer process parameters on level fluctuation has not been yet reported. This study lacks in experimental validation; however, the findings will be much useful for the steelmakers to reduce the casting defects.

The purpose of present investigation is to analyze the in-mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) process and the effect of stirrer frequency on fluid flow and solidification in a continuous casting billet caster mold.

A hybrid approach involving finite element and finite volume method has been used for the study. Finite element model is used to calculate time variable magnetic field, which is further coupled with fluid flow and solidification equations for magneto-hydrodynamic analysis with finite volume model.

Results show that though superheat given to steel before its entry into the mold is quickly removed, solid shell formation is delayed by the use of M-EMS. Final solid shell thickness, however, is slightly reduced. Increase in frequency is found to increase the magnetic flux density and tangential velocity of liquid steel and decrease in diameter of liquid core.

The work is of great industrial relevance. The model may be used to design industrial setup of in-mold electromagnetic stirrer and process could be analyzed and optimized numerically.

The paper evaluates the influence of M-EMS and its frequency on solidification and flow behavior in the continuous casting mold. The iso-surface temperatures from pouring temperature to liquidus temperature inside the mold have been shown. The findings may be useful for the steelmakers to reduce the defect in continuous casting.