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The purpose of this paper is to study the antifriction, antiwear and tribolayer formation properties of the trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate ionic liquid (IL) as additive at 1 wt.% in two base oils and their mixtures, comparing the results with those of a commercial oil.

The mixture of the base oils used in the formulation of the commercial oil SAE 0W20 plus the IL was tested under rolling/sliding and reciprocating conditions to determine the so-called Stribeck curve, the tribolayer formation and the antifriction and antiwear behaviors.

The use of this IL as additive in these oils does not change their viscosity; improves the antifriction and antiwear properties of the base oils, making equal or outperforming these properties of the SAE 0W20; and the thickness and formation rate of the tribolayer resulting from the IL-surface interaction is highly dependent on the type of base oil and influence on the friction and wear results.

The use of this IL allows to replace partial or totally commercial antifriction and antiwear additives.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-05-2020-0179/

The paper aims to examine the expanding broadband “digital divide” as a warning that developing countries are falling behind in the upgrade of their telecommunication networks, specially the access network. It points out the deteriorated financial conditions facing developing countries in the context of the global economic crisis that adversely affects the availability of resources to invest in network infrastructure.

The paper is based on a review and analysis of relevant literature and the outcomes of significant ICT for development events.

The existing economic mechanisms in international communications networks establish the financial flows in favor of the developed countries, thus thwarting any attempt to increase its net external income that could be used in investments in telecommunications infrastructure. On the other hand, convergence and the migration to next generation networks present a new set of opportunities and challenges to establish an international interconnection regime that will allow the developing countries to recover the investment in infrastructure.

The scarcity of publicly available economic data of the current international interconnection agreements suggests the necessity to conduct further research in this area.

The failure to establish a non‐discriminatory international interconnection regime could lead to economic unsustainability of international networks in the long run. The paper presents some recommendations to address this issue.

This paper presents an approximation to an important issue of international telecommunication networks that is usually hidden behind the confidentiality of services contracts.