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The purpose of this paper is the modelling and estimation of inrush currents while energising power devices under no load conditions. An analytical representation of the nonlinear B-H curve serves for considering the hysteresis behaviour in the numerical model.

The model is implemented into a standard finite element formulation to compute transient problems.

Inrush currents behave like faults in power distribution facilities. Its prior estimation helps to distinguish between operating conditions and faults.

The magnetic cores may become extremely magnetised. At such high material saturations, the material characteristics are not measurable accurately. Hence, the results depend on the extrapolation of the B-H curves.

The use of first-order reversal curves within the major hysteresis loops helps in a convenient way to estimate peak and shape of the inrush currents.

This article assesses pronatalism in the non-industrialized Caribbean in light of contributions that children make to household production. The place that the economic utility of children has in determining pronatal attitudes and behavior has been increasingly neglected by social scientists. This trend is especially unwarranted in regard to the traditional Caribbean. As an example, it is shown that the primary reason farmers in Jean Rabel, Haiti, are in favor of high birth rates and reject contraceptives is because the farmers conceptualize children as necessary to their economic survival.

During the production of cardboard food cans, the packaging bottom and the cylindrical wall are joined in the seaming process. In order to achieve a high-quality, crack-free surface of the cardboard seam, low friction between the seaming chuck and the cardboard must be ensured. The goal of this study was to minimise the friction between the seaming chuck and the cardboard can surface.

Tribological properties of the seaming chuck were optimised by adjusting its material properties, surface topography and surface energy followed by measurements of the resulting friction response in sliding contact with a representative paper sample.

A strong correlation between the surface free energies of the tribological samples and their measured coefficients of friction was observed, indicating that in tribological tests, adhesion was the dominating friction mechanism. Furthermore, the fact that the smoother samples yielded higher friction values than the rougher ones is most likely also correlated with the higher adhesion of the smoother samples originating from their larger contact area.

The existing results indicate that for tribological optimisation of paper and cardboard contacts primarily the adhesive friction component should be considered – by either reducing the surface free energy of the counter-body or optimising its surface topography.

By applying the selected solution concept, a friction reduction of more than 50% as compared to the benchmark was achieved.

The present study provides a guideline for tribological optimisation of paper and cardboard contacts.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-02-2020-0064/

The applicable jurisdiction for insolvency proceedings, as provided by the Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 on insolvency proceedings, is the court of the Member State where the debtor's center of main interest (COMI) is located (Article 3(1)). The Regulation, however, does not provide a comprehensive definition of the COMI. This paper seeks to explore the meaning and developments behind the meaning of COMI as influenced by judicial reasoning and conflicts across Member States.

The study centres around the emerging jurisprudence and analyses case law across Member States in order to draw conclusions on the meaning of COMI and the emerging concepts. Extensive consideration of statutory interpretation, case reports and judicial comment is present in order to inform and develop conclusions.

In the absence of a definition it appears that the only relevant European guidance emerges from recital 13 and Article 3 (1). With little guidance in the Regulation, it has therefore been left to national courts to decide how the notion of COMI should be interpreted. Determining the COMI has emerged as one of the most controversial aspect and the principle point of legal conflict, with some highly debated cases within member states’ courts. On the basis of the case law, it is suggested that the interpretation of COMI is more flexible in UK and Italian courts. The approach adopted in continental Europe is referred to as the “centre of operations approach”, i.e. the debtor's COMI has to be determined by the place where he is “ascertainable by third parties”. The Anglo Saxon approach, on the other hand, is known as the “mind of management approach”, i.e. the debtor's COMI must be situated where decisions are actually made. The latter seems to enjoy a more practical and accessible approach.

Not only will the findings assist those seeking to understand the process and COMI requirements across member states but it will also assist those researchers seeking to understanding the comparative and conflict of law barriers to pan‐European insolvency proceedings.

The UK authority published its first regulatory guidance on crypto-assets in July 2019. This paper aims to critically evaluate the effectiveness of the crypto-asset regulation in the UK and the consistency of the existing regulatory scheme.

This paper adopts comparative methods to carry out the analysis. The paper begins by elaborating the development of crypto-assets alongside the financial innovation in the world and pinpointing the core Acts and Regulations applied to crypto-assets in the UK. The paper also discusses a court case in the EU to highlight an argument among legal professions concerning crypto-assets classification.

Through carefully analysing relevant primary and secondary legislation of the UK and EU, this paper identifies some unclarified issues in the regulatory framework and discovers three flaws in the regulatory system. The paper concludes that the effectiveness of the current regulatory scheme is poor and room for improvement exists.

The paper provides the first review and a thorough analysis of the Laws and Acts applied to the crypto-asset regulation in the UK. It also calls on a simpler and clearer regulatory scheme from the perspectives of market participants and consumers. The discovered issues in the crypto-asset regulation in the UK may urge authorities to improve the existing regulatory frameworks and legal provisions.

This paper aims to discuss the innovation challenge in the alternative protein sectors of the European Union (EU) and Australia-New Zealand (AUSNZ) by comparing their respective novel food frameworks. The study investigates which regulatory provisions stakeholders perceive as barriers to innovation and proposes measures to address these obstacles.

Alternative proteins are often legally classified as “novel foods” in both the EU and AUSNZ. A functional comparative legal analysis of the novel food frameworks of these two jurisdictions was conducted. Qualitative interviews with stakeholders active in the EU or AUSNZ alternative protein sectors complemented the legal analysis. The interviews aimed at gathering stakeholder perspectives on the framework within which they operate and discuss ways to foster innovation in their jurisdictions.

While the AUSNZ framework is generally perceived as more innovation-friendly, particularly regarding breakthrough innovations like cultivated meat, the EU is viewed as a challenging regulatory environment. The duration of the authorisation procedure, differing levels of communication and opportunities for dialogue between stakeholders and regulators, along with the political stances of EU member states, emerged as the main elements to explain such differences. In both jurisdictions, a lack of support for small-scale companies was identified as a key factor hindering the innovation process.

This study provides the first in-depth comparative analysis of the novel food frameworks in the EU and AUSNZ and explores stakeholder perceptions of their respective frameworks. Through this comparison, the study offers suggestions for enhancing both frameworks' ability to incentivise innovation in their alternative protein sectors.