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One of a series of papers presented at a Symposium on the Cost Effectiveness of Sprayed Metal Coatings, organised by the Association of Metal Sprayers.

Thermal spraying is a problem‐solving technology which contributes to almost every branch of engineering from the extraction and production of raw materials to the manufacture of usable articles. By placing the correct surfacing material where it is best employed, thermal spraying allows engineers to improve product performance, reduce maintenance times and costs, save energy and reduce production costs. As the demands of other technologies have increased the thermal spraying industry has responded by providing surfaces which will reliably withstand higher loads, faster speeds, higher temperatures and more aggressive environments. Over the past decade, building on previous knowledge and experience, thermal spraying technology has contributed to the engineering successes in many spheres by enabling the engineer to apply the right surface to the optimum basis material at reasonable cost.

The surface temperature of the sub-roof beneath the ventilation layer and the tiles is one of the most important factors for the hygrothermal performance of pitched roofs. The air layer between tiles and sub-roof and the air exchange with the outdoor air influence the heat transfer and therefore affect the moisture level inside the roof construction. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

This paper provides the results of a research project performed at Fraunhofer-Institute for Building Physics, based on field test results. The investigations analyze the thermal behavior of different vented and ventilated roof constructions.

It was found that for a detailed model with roof cladding and ventilated air layer normally too many parameters are unknown. For that reason a simplified approach was set up, especially to consider the radiation exchange between the tiles and the underlay as well as the effects of the ventilation.

Now, effective surface transfer parameters can substitute both cladding and air layer in the simulation, while the approach still provides a high accordance with the measured values. The paper provides characteristic values for different roofing situations to simulate ventilated roofs by means of hygrothermal simulation in a simplified way.

October 24, 1969 Factory — Statutory duty — Dangerous machinery — Dangerous combination of machinery and material — Danger arising from “nip” between moving work‐piece and stationary bar — Automatic cooling device — Danger arising from coolant applied by hand — Practice known to employers — Whether foreseeable — Whether duty to fence — Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz. II, c. 34), s. 14(1).

One of the common law duties owed by the employer is his duty to take reasonable care for the safety of his employee. This common law duty is an implied term in the contract of employment and is therefore contractual in nature. Because of the difficulties which may arise in bringing an action in contract for breach of the employer's duty of care, the employee who has sustained injuries during the course of his employment (although he may sue either in contract of tort will normally bring a tort action.

October 21, 1970 Factory — Dangerous machinery — Dangerous combination of machinery and material — Danger arising from “nip” between moving workpiece and imperceptibly moving boring bar — Automatic cooling device — Coolant applied by hand — Practice known to employers — Workman's hand caught in “nip” — Whether duty on employers to fence boring bar — Whether dangerous part of machinery — Danger of accident foreseen by employers — Whether foreseeable — Workman unable to establish exactly how accident happened — Materiality — Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz. II, c.34), s.14 (1).

So NAVEX 69 is over. Looking at the 95 stands of the exhibition of audio‐visual aids and materials in the great hall at Olympia no one would have suspected that this is a year for education in which the bread has been very thinly buttered indeed. It was only when one eaves‐dropped on teacher conversations on the stands and in the bar that one could piece together a refrain which seemed to go ‘It's all very nice, but we haven't got the money to buy’. Neither is there nor the money to rent either, and it would seem that Rank REC has entered the market at an inauspicious time with its admirable Talking Page. At least this would appear to be so since the first programmes for the Talking Page are aimed at the primary school. In this period of parsimony it is encouraging to note the move made by the forward thinking Inner London Education Authority which has offered to pay for two years half the cost of all audio‐visual equipment ordered by secondary schools and two thirds of the cost of primary school orders. This scheme will relieve the strain on capitation allowances and will act very definitely in the favour of the primary school. In this way the progression of educational technology will not necessarily be over‐slowed in the London area. This view is not taken by many in education who, if there are cuts to be made, would place educational technology high on their list of priorities for retrenchment.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use among people incarcerated in a county jail.

A questionnaire was administered to 199 individuals incarcerated in a Southwest county jail as part of a social-epidemiological exploration of converging comorbidities in incarcerated populations. Among 96 participants with complete ACEs data, the authors determined associations between individual ACEs items and a summative score with methamphetamine (meth), heroin, other opiates and cocaine use and binge drinking in the 30 days prior to incarceration using logistic regression.

People who self-reported use of methamphetamine, heroin, other opiates or cocaine in the 30 days prior to incarceration had higher average ACEs scores. Methamphetamine use was significantly associated with living with anyone who served time in a correctional facility and with someone trying to make them touch sexually. Opiate use was significantly associated with living with anyone who was depressed, mentally ill or suicidal; living with anyone who used illegal street drugs or misused prescription medications; and if an adult touched them sexually. Binge drinking was significantly associated with having lived with someone who was a problem drinker or alcoholic.

The findings point to a need for research to understand differences between methamphetamine use and opiate use in relation to particular adverse experiences during childhood and a need for tailored intervention for people incarcerated in jail.

Significant associations between methamphetamine use and opiate use and specific ACEs suggest important entry points for improving jail and community programming.