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Article
Publication date: 1 June 1993

A.M. Motawie, E.H. Hassan and M.M. Kamel

Egyptian cotton straw powder was acid hydrolized in presence of coal tar phenols fraction (b.r. 170–185°C) to give the phenols‐furfural resin. Homopolyepoxy resin was prepared via…

41

Abstract

Egyptian cotton straw powder was acid hydrolized in presence of coal tar phenols fraction (b.r. 170–185°C) to give the phenols‐furfural resin. Homopolyepoxy resin was prepared via condensation of epichlorohydrin with phenols‐furfural resin. Similarly copolyepoxy resin was also prepared from epichlorohyhdrin, phenols‐furfural resin and prepared bisphenol A based on coal tar phenols fraction. A study of curing these epoxy resins at 170–185°C with phthalic or maleic anhydride also curing at room temperature with amine was carried out. Also the effect of the addition of kaolin as a filler was investigated to find the optimum condition which allow the cured resin to act as wood adhesive. The obtained results were comparable with those of some commercial adhesives.

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 22 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 August 1991

E.A. Hassan, A.M. Motawie and M.M. Kamel

Phenols‐furfural resin (analogous to novolake type phenol‐formaldehyde) was obtained from condensation reaction between cotton straw powder and phenolic product in presence of an

76

Abstract

Phenols‐furfural resin (analogous to novolake type phenol‐formaldehyde) was obtained from condensation reaction between cotton straw powder and phenolic product in presence of an inorganic acid. The optimum conditions for resin formation were confermed by infrared spectra and its characteristics were determined.

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 20 no. 8
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 September 1988

S.A. Fam, O.F. Moustafa, T.M. Ezzat and A.M. Motawie

A dewaxed and dearomatized petroleum fraction having a boiling range 180–250°C was oxidised by air at 140°C. under atmospheric pressure using cobalt or manganese naphthenate as…

500

Abstract

A dewaxed and dearomatized petroleum fraction having a boiling range 180–250°C was oxidised by air at 140°C. under atmospheric pressure using cobalt or manganese naphthenate as catalyst. The oxynaphthenic acids were isolated from the oxidation product, purified and then neutralised to sodium salts.

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 17 no. 9
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 4 July 2016

Abhishek Das and Gautam Sarkhel

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of various stoichiometric ratios for synthesised epoxy phenolic novolac (EPN) resins on their physicochemical, thermomechanical…

203

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of various stoichiometric ratios for synthesised epoxy phenolic novolac (EPN) resins on their physicochemical, thermomechanical and morphological properties.

Design/methodology/approach

In the present study, EPN (EPN-1, EPN-2, EPN-3, EPN-4 and EPN-5) resins were synthesised by varying five types of different stoichiometric ratios for phenol/formaldehyde along with the corresponding molar ratios for novolac/epichlorohydrin. Their different physicochemical properties of interest, thermomechanical properties as well as morphological properties were studied by means of cured samples with the variation of its stoichiometric ratios.

Findings

The average functionality and reactivity of EPN resin can be controlled by controlling epoxy equivalence as well as cross-linking density upon its curing as all of these factors are internally correlated with each other.

Research limitations/implications

Epoxy resins are characterised by a three-membered ring known as the epoxy or oxirane group. The capability of the epoxy ring to react with a variety of substrates imparts versatility to the resin. However, these resins have a major drawback of low toughness, and they are also very brittle, which limits their application in products that require high impact and fracture strength.

Practical implications

Epoxy resins have been widely used as high-performance adhesives and matrix resins for composites because of their outstanding mechanical and thermal properties. Because of their highly cross-linked structure, the epoxy resin disables segmental movement, making them hard, and it is also notch sensitive, having very low fracture energy.

Social implications

Epoxy resin is widely used in industry as protective coatings and for structural applications, such as laminates and composites, tooling, moulding, casting, bonding and adhesives.

Originality/value

Systematic study has been done for the first time, as no exact quantitative stoichiometric data for the synthesis of EPN resin were available on the changes of its different properties. Thus, an optimised stoichiometric composition for the synthesis of the EPN resin was found.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 45 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 16 December 2021

Nehad N. Rozik, Emad Saad Shafik and Salwa L. Abd-El-Messieh

This study aims to polymerize of 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide (PIL). PIL was embedded into PVA with a different content ratio by casting method. This research also deals…

127

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to polymerize of 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide (PIL). PIL was embedded into PVA with a different content ratio by casting method. This research also deals with the effect of adding PIL in different proportions to PVA on the electrical and mechanical properties properties in addition to the morphology of the prepared samples.

Design/methodology/approach

1-Butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide was synthesized through quaternization and free radical polymerization. The resulting polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. In addition to the morphology of PVA, PVA/PIL was investigated by polarizing microscope. Also, the effect of PIL content on the electrical and mechanical properties was evaluated.

Findings

The findings of this study might lead to new applications for PVA and PILs in electrical and dielectrics. The mechanical results revealed that the tensile strength increased slightly with increasing polyionic liquid (PIL) content and decreased above 10% PIL. While the elongation at break increased significantly with increasing PIL content and begin to decrease above 10% PIL. Also, the electrical property of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/PIL blends was improved because of the strong plasticizing effect of PIL. Also, the electrical conductivity of these polymer electrolytes is greatly increased. This indicates that the imidazolium-based PIL has an effective approach that leads to an increase in the conductivity of the polymer. The PILs/PVA design will not only enrich the chemical structure but also will contribute to green manufacturing techniques and a processing methodology that enables green membrane manufacture.

Originality/value

This study contributes to green manufacturing techniques and a processing methodology that enables “green” membrane manufacture.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 52 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 11 November 2013

Javier Sosa, Daniel Alcaraz Real-Arce, Tomás Bautista, Juan A. Montiel-Nelson, S. Garcia-Alonso, José M. Monzón-Verona and Saeid Nooshabadi

In a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, one of the most time-consuming tasks is to identify and track the visible satellites. The paper aims to propose and examine in…

441

Abstract

Purpose

In a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, one of the most time-consuming tasks is to identify and track the visible satellites. The paper aims to propose and examine in detail new and shorter identification patterns or lite pseudo-codes – pseudo-random numbers (PRNs) – that allow GPS receivers to reduce dramatically the computational effort to identify and track GPS satellites. Obtaining lite pseudo-codes is a multi-objective optimization problem that the paper resolves using genetic algorithms (GAs).

Design/methodology/approach

The lite PRNs are obtained by using NSGA-II and omni-optimizer multi-objective optimization techniques.

Findings

The new PRNs obtained with the proposed single/multi-objective solutions are always better than previously presented when the highest detection peak (DP) is required for the GPS receiver.

Originality/value

Results demonstrate that the problem of “obtaining lite pseudo-codes” is a multi-objective optimization problem. In other words, the solutions obtained with the single-objective approach could belong to a local minimum. The multi-objective approach provides a better solution than the single-objective approach in a 37 percent of the satellites while in other cases the multi-objective approach reaches the same DPs with a similar noise.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 30 no. 8
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0264-4401

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Article
Publication date: 3 February 2021

Abbas Ahmad Adamu, Norazilawati Muhamad Sarih and Seng Neon Gan

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste from soft drink bottles was incorporated into palm olein alkyd to produce new polyol for use in polyurethane resins as surface protection…

215

Abstract

Purpose

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste from soft drink bottles was incorporated into palm olein alkyd to produce new polyol for use in polyurethane resins as surface protection on metal surfaces.

Design/methodology/approach

Alkyd was prepared from palm olein, glycerol and phthalic anhydride. PET underwent simultaneous glycolysis and transesterification reactions with the alkyd. Varying the amount of PET has led to polyols with different viscosities. Polyurethane resins were produced by reacting the polyols with toluene diisocyanate. The resins were coated on mild steel panels and cured. Performances of the cured films were tested.

Findings

The polyurethanes (PU) resin cured to a harder film with better thermal stability. Films showed excellent adhesion properties, while higher content of PET exhibited higher pencil hardness, better water, salt, acid and alkali resistance.

Research limitations/implications

Other vegetable oils could also be used. The alkyd structure could be changed by formulation to have different functionality and the ability to incorporate higher amount of PET waste. Rate of glycolysis of PET could be increased by higher amount of ethylene glycol.

Practical implications

This method has managed to use waste PET in producing new polyol and PU resins. The cured films exhibit good mechanical and chemical properties, as well as excellent adhesion and thermal stability.

Social implications

The non-biodegradable PET has created environmental pollution problems connected to littering and illegal landfilling. It has become necessary to pay greater attention to recycling PET bottles for obtaining valuable products.

Originality/value

This approach is different from the earlier reports, where PET was recycled to recover the raw materials.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 51 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

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