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The traditional approach to AI is limited because it fails to exploit continuity. The reliance on discrete logic has allowed the rapid initial advance of the subject, but constitutes an inherent deficiency. The limitations have become apparent, and are generally acknowledged by a revival of interest in neural‐net, or connectionist, techniques. This approach has become feasible because of technical developments allowing large‐scale parallel operation. Lessons can be learned by considering the evolution of natural intelligence. Recent studies from a biological viewpoint suggest that this has some unexpected features. The idea of concept formation should be extended to include quantifiable concepts, similar to the semantic variables of fuzzy set theory.

Reviews some of the good reasons for looking to real neural nets for guidance on ways of implementing effective parallel computation. Discusses existing artificial neural nets with particular attention to the extent to which they model real neural activity. Indicates some serious mismatches, but shows that there are also important correspondences. The successful applications are to image processing, pattern classification and automatic optimization, in various guises. Reviews important issues raised by extension to the symbolic problem solving of “intellectual” thought, the prime concern of classical AI. These illustrate the importance of recursion, and of a degree of continuity associated with any evolutionary process.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the implicit motivations of entrepreneurial philanthropists during different stages of their lives.

The authors follow a Historical Organization Studies approach by performing a psychobiographical analysis using McClelland’s Thematic Apperception Test on the autobiography of Andrew Carnegie across different stages of his life while considering the historical context.

The configuration of the implicit motivations of entrepreneurial philanthropists change with achievement motivation decreasing and power motivation increasing over time explaining the shift of focus from self to others.

While researchers have been theorizing and using interviews to uncover shifts in entrepreneurial motivations, this is the first paper to longitudinally uncover implicit motivations to explain why successful entrepreneurs give back later in life.

The aims of cybernetics and of system research are shown to embody a strong bias towards biological studies. Cybernetics subsumes the ideas of “experimental epistemology”, a study which attempts to explain mental processes over the whole range of viewpoints from the single‐cell recordings of the neurophysiologist to concept‐formation and representation of knowledge. Studies which are more restricted in scope have been of practical value; “experimental epistemology” is a long way from achieving its goal. It has, however, provided useful stimulation and has an interesting bearing on viable systems other than nervous systems.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art review on the topic of police stressors and associated health outcomes. Recent empirical research is reviewed in the areas of workplace stress, shift work, traumatic stress, and health. The authors provide a comprehensive table outlining occupational exposures and related health effects in police officers.

A review of recent empirical research on police stress and untoward psychological and physiological health outcomes in police officers.

The results offer a conceptual idea of the empirical associations between stressful workplace exposures and their impact on the mental and physical well-being of officers.

A key limitation observed in prior research is the cross-sectional study design; however, this serves as a motivator for researchers to explore these associations utilizing a longitudinal study design that will help determine causality.

This review provides empirical evidence of both mental and physical outcomes associated with police stress and the processes involved in both. Research findings presented in this paper are based on sound psychological and medical evidence among police officers

In the current debate on appropriate representations of uncertainty, it is usual to assume a finite set of events to be discriminated. A similar bias is apparent in much discussion in neurophysiology and cognitive psychology, and it entails de‐emphasis of the property of continuity (“in the large”), necessary for interpolation, extrapolation and ranking. The importance of continuity is acknowledged in recent discussions related to fuzzy set theory, which acknowledge linguistic variables. Argues that this is an important development and that much other discussion is of restricted applicability because it fails to recognize continuity.

The attempt to understand the working of the brain suffers from difficulties of definition, since it is not clear that brains can understand brains, and the nature of “understanding” is essentially subjective. If it is accepted that our thought processes are products of evolution, the principles of rational discourse and science are reflections of the environment rather than inherent in us. Nevertheless they are strongly ingrained and well‐founded, but since their implications are essentially subjective they cannot be distinguished from other assertions that would be classed as “mystical”.