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Book part
Publication date: 8 July 2015

Richard L. Moreland

I present and evaluate various explanations for why new workers who were sponsored by oldtimers tend to have better job outcomes (better performance, more satisfaction, and less…

Abstract

Purpose

I present and evaluate various explanations for why new workers who were sponsored by oldtimers tend to have better job outcomes (better performance, more satisfaction, and less turnover) than do new workers who were not sponsored.

Methodology/approach

My evaluations involve searching for evidence that fits (or does not fit) each of the explanations.

Findings

The two most popular explanations argue that the job benefits of sponsorship arise because (a) sponsored newcomers have more realistic job expectations than do unsponsored newcomers, or (b) the quality of sponsored newcomers is greater than that of unsponsored newcomers. Unfortunately, these explanations have weak empirical support. A third explanation, largely untested as yet, attributes the performance benefits of sponsorship to social pressures that can arise when someone is sponsored for a job. These pressures include efforts by newcomers to repay the people who sponsored them, efforts by sponsors to assist the newcomers they sponsored after those persons have been hired, and stereotypes among coworkers about the kinds of people who get jobs through sponsors. Although limited as yet, the evidence regarding this new explanation seems promising.

Research implications

More research on this third explanation for sponsorship effects should be done. Suggestions for how to do such research are reviewed and a relevant experiment is presented.

Social implications

The ideas and evidence presented here could help employers who want to improve the job outcomes of their new workers. Poor outcomes among such persons are a major problem in many settings.

Originality/value

Although some of my ideas have been mentioned by others, they were not been described in much detail, nor were they tested. My hope is that this chapter will promote new theory and research on the performance benefits of sponsorship, a topic that has been largely ignored in recent years.

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Advances in Group Processes
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78560-076-0

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Article
Publication date: 1 January 1978

F.M. Andic and A.J. Mann

The relation between economic growth and income distribution has been the subject of a growing body of empirical studies ever since the initial discussion by Kuznets, who argued…

68

Abstract

The relation between economic growth and income distribution has been the subject of a growing body of empirical studies ever since the initial discussion by Kuznets, who argued that the income distribution in the early stages of growth in developing areas would most likely move in the direction of greater inequality. While there is substantial support for this hypothesis of relative inequality increase, recent cross‐country evidence does not corroborate a stronger hypothesis of a decline in the absolute income level of the poorer groups. Nevertheless, cross‐sectional analyses may be fraught with misleading generalisations, and the validity of the hypothesis will have to be assessed by the secular experience of individual countries. Within this focus, one country which does not appear to support the Kuznets thesis is Puerto Rico, where recent studies point to a movement toward greater income equality over the 1949–69 period. This paper, which covers the same two‐decade interval, attempts to throw further light upon the overall question by employing, in addition to the well‐known Lorenz/Gini measure, Theil's entropy index. The latter coefficient permits decomposition of given sets by quantifying between‐set and within‐set inequalities.

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International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 5 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0306-8293

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Book part
Publication date: 26 November 2016

Karin Klenke

Free Access. Free Access

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Qualitative Research in the Study of Leadership
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78560-651-9

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Article
Publication date: 1 June 1985

The librarian and researcher have to be able to uncover specific articles in their areas of interest. This Bibliography is designed to help. Volume IV, like Volume III, contains…

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Abstract

The librarian and researcher have to be able to uncover specific articles in their areas of interest. This Bibliography is designed to help. Volume IV, like Volume III, contains features to help the reader to retrieve relevant literature from MCB University Press' considerable output. Each entry within has been indexed according to author(s) and the Fifth Edition of the SCIMP/SCAMP Thesaurus. The latter thus provides a full subject index to facilitate rapid retrieval. Each article or book is assigned its own unique number and this is used in both the subject and author index. This Volume indexes 29 journals indicating the depth, coverage and expansion of MCB's portfolio.

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Management Decision, vol. 23 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0025-1747

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Book part
Publication date: 10 December 2018

Catherine Brentnall, Iván Diego Rodríguez and Nigel Culkin

The demand for including enterprise in the education system, at all levels and for all pupils is now a global phenomenon. Within this context, the use of competitions and…

Abstract

The demand for including enterprise in the education system, at all levels and for all pupils is now a global phenomenon. Within this context, the use of competitions and competitive learning activities is presented as a popular and effective vehicle for learning. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate how a realist method of enquiry – which utilises theory as the unit of analysis – can shed new light on the assumed and unintended outcomes of enterprise education competitions. The case developed here is that there are inherent flaws in assuming that competitions will ‘work’ in the ways set out in policy and guidance. Some of the most prevalent stated outcomes – that competitions will motivate and reward young people, that they will enable the development of entrepreneurial skills, and that learners will be inspired by their peers – are challenged by theory from psychology and education. The issue at stake is that the expansion of enterprise education policy into primary and secondary education increases the likelihood that more learners will be sheep dipped in competitions, and competitive activities, without a clear recognition of the potential unintended effects. In this chapter, we employ a realist-informed approach to critically evaluate the theoretical basis that underpins the use of competitions and competitive learning activities in school-based enterprise education. We believe that our findings and subsequent recommendations will provide those who promote and practice the use of competitions with a richer, more sophisticated picture of the potential flaws within such activities.

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Creating Entrepreneurial Space: Talking Through Multi-Voices, Reflections on Emerging Debates
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78756-372-8

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Book part
Publication date: 24 July 2020

Arieh Riskin, Peter Bamberger, Amir Erez and Aya Zeiger

Incivility is widespread in the workplace and has been shown to have significant affective and behavioral consequences. However, the authors still have a limited understanding as…

Abstract

Incivility is widespread in the workplace and has been shown to have significant affective and behavioral consequences. However, the authors still have a limited understanding as to whether, how and when discrete incivility events impact team performance. Adopting a resource depletion perspective and focusing on the cognitive implications of such events, the authors introduce a multi-level model linking the adverse effects of such events on team members’ working memory – the “workbench” of the cognitive system where most planning, analyses, and management of goals occur – to team effectiveness. The model which the authors develop proposes that that uncivil interpersonal behavior in general, and rudeness – a central manifestation of incivility – in particular, may place a significant drain on individuals’ working memory capacity, affecting team effectiveness via its effects on individual performance and coordination-related team emergent states and action-phase processes. In the context of this model, the authors offer an overarching framework for making sense of disparate findings regarding how, why and when incivility affects performance outcomes at multiple levels. More specifically, the authors use this framework to: (a) suggest how individual-level cognitive impairment and weakened coordinative team processes may mediate these incivility-based effects, and (b) explain how event, context, and individual difference factors moderators may attenuate or exacerbate these cognition-mediated effects.

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Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80043-076-1

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Book part
Publication date: 11 March 2022

Franziska Leutner, Reece Akhtar and Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic

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The Future of Recruitment
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83867-562-2

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Book part
Publication date: 8 May 2018

Janet Boguslaw and Sarah Taghvai-Soroui

This chapter and case study examine how and which structured elements of an employee-owned business contribute to building the economic security and asset wealth of the…

Abstract

This chapter and case study examine how and which structured elements of an employee-owned business contribute to building the economic security and asset wealth of the lowest-wage and skilled employees of the firm. It paves the way for greater understanding about how intentionally structured workplaces can address wealth inequality and economic security through income and non-income opportunity systems.

The study draws upon qualitative interviews with four members of management, two plant managers, and 12 low-income employee-owners. Company documents and confidential employee data were provided for direct research analysis. Interviews took place at company locations, and covered employees from all shifts.

Employee ownership structures provide an important tool for advancing policy support and management practices to rebuild the wealth building benefits of work for low-income workers.

To ensure confidentiality, the study is anonymized and does not directly draw on the worker-owner interviews. This limits the opportunity to demonstrate the effect of structure on workforce; nonetheless, the empirical data tell an important story.

Expanding wealth inequality and economic precarity among low- and moderate-income workers has raised broad debates about how shifts in the structure of work, through new business, capital, and ownership structures, may be contributing to these social problems.

The employee benefits of employee ownership are not fully studied. This case contributes to understanding how employee ownership may reduce gender and racial wealth gaps, build family well-being, and become a model for structuring opportunity for those traditionally left out of the economic mainstream.

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Employee Ownership and Employee Involvement at Work: Case Studies
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78714-520-7

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Article
Publication date: 1 August 2001

Rachel Takriti, Nicholas P. Mann and Angela J. Lee

Reports a study investigating teenage attitudes towards bicycle helmets. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,093 11‐16‐year‐olds to assess their helmet ownership and…

1186

Abstract

Reports a study investigating teenage attitudes towards bicycle helmets. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,093 11‐16‐year‐olds to assess their helmet ownership and use and their attitudes towards bicycle helmets. More 11‐13‐year‐olds owned cycle helmets than 14‐16‐year‐olds, with similar wearing rates across age. Girls placed more importance on whether helmet wearing was compulsory at school and comfort of helmets, while boys placed more importance on whether helmet wearing was compulsory by law. Those who owned helmets were more likely to place importance on whether wearing a helmet was law and whether it was a school rule than were those who did not own helmets. The 11‐13‐year‐olds placed more importance on whether helmet wearing was compulsory at school and by law, while 14‐16‐year‐olds placed more importance on comfort, appearance, cost, and their friends’ opinions as reasons.

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Health Education, vol. 101 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0965-4283

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1984

Arthur J. Mann and Carlos E. Sanchez

The several decades following the conclusion of World War II evidenced the generalised application of activist economic policies oriented toward the stimulation and manipulation…

91

Abstract

The several decades following the conclusion of World War II evidenced the generalised application of activist economic policies oriented toward the stimulation and manipulation of aggregate demand. In Western Europe and in much of the Western hemisphere these policies proved quite successful in raising living standards and generating economic growth. Nevertheless, for the past decade or so these long‐tried policy prescriptions have not appeared to work very well, and “stagflation” accompanied by low productivity growth has set in. As a consequence, there has occurred a return to a more “classical” set of economic postulates and policy prescriptions. Such policies have been adopted not only in the more developed parts of the western world (e.g., United States, Great Britain) but also in its lesser developed areas. Nowhere has this application been more in evidence than in the Southern Cone countries of Latin America — Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay.

Details

International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 11 no. 3/4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0306-8293

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