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Article
Publication date: 1 May 1948

Vinegar, vin aigre or soured wine is a name that suggests the nature and origin of the substance which is the subject of this note. In France the name is applied to the substance…

53

Abstract

Vinegar, vin aigre or soured wine is a name that suggests the nature and origin of the substance which is the subject of this note. In France the name is applied to the substance that results from the acetous fermentation of wine. The name has at least the merit of accuracy. The term vinegar has, however, been extended in this country to denote the product obtained by the acetous fermentation of a malt liquor and in the United States of America to mean the substance resulting from the acetous fermentation of cider. In general it may be said that certain kinds of vegetable matter may be made to yield a vinegar by this process. The Census of Production under the common heading “ vinegar and acetic acid ” states that in 1924 the output of these substances, in this country, was 14,200,000 gallons of a value of a little over a million pounds sterling; in 1930 the corresponding figures were 14,600,000 gallons and £950,000; in 1935, 17,100,000 gallons and £790,000. It may be observed that vinegar and acetic acid are not by any means the same thing. Vinegar made by acetous fermentation contains about six per cent. or slightly under that amount of acetic acid as a main and essential constituent, but other substances are present that give it a characteristic bouquet. But whether vinegar be made from malt, wine, cider, or similar substances it is a palatable and wholesome condiment and preservative. It is the result of a biological as distinguished from a chemical process, and we suggest that the term vinegar be limited to the product resulting from the former and not from the latter if it be intended for use in the household as an element in the food supply. The Food Inspectors Handbook, VI Edition, 1913, p. 300, tells us that commercial vinegar is a more or less impure acetic acid. The different varieties according to their source being malt, wine, cider, beet, sugar, and wood vinegars. We cannot think that “ impure acetic acid ” is a particularly happy definition of the term vinegar. It is surely the “ impurities ” the result of secondary reactions that give the characteristic flavour and palatability to vinegar that serve to distinguish it from a merely dilute solution of acetic acid. In the same way whisky might be defined as impure alcohol, but no one, as far as we know; has ever seriously suggested that a dilute solution of absolute alcohol would be a satisfactory substitute for whisky. similarly we suggest that wood vinegar—derived as it is from the distillation of various kinds of wood—is in its origin a purely chemical product and in no sense a biological product. It would follow that if the term vinegar be restricted, as we suggest it ought to be, to the product of biological action the term wood vinegar though well known and often used is really meaningless. The Food Industries' Manual, 1945, written for the guidance of food manufacturers, describes artificial vinegar—made by diluting acetic acid with water and colouring the solution with caramel—as a very poor substitute for the genuine product. “ Artificial vinegar ” it says “is raw in taste and completely lacking in the fine bouquet of characteristic brewed vinegar.” The Extra Pharmacopœia says that vinegar is “also made by diluting acetic acid and colouring with burnt sugar.” The reference however, presumably refers to the use of this kind of “ vinegar ” in pharmacy—vinegar and brown paper for instance—and not as an ingredient in foods.

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British Food Journal, vol. 50 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0007-070X

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 1962

A.H. Walters and R.H. Vickers

The principles of cleaning and sterilising of stainless steel plant and equipment are not always understood by those responsible for these operations with the result that…

89

Abstract

The principles of cleaning and sterilising of stainless steel plant and equipment are not always understood by those responsible for these operations with the result that corrosion of stainless steel can take place. However, if properly planned routines are followed, stainless steel should be virtually indestructible.

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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 9 no. 12
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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Book part
Publication date: 18 November 2024

Mehdi Rahmani, Pantea Foroudi, S. Asieh H. Tabaghdehi and Ramin Behbehani

With the global market for advanced technology-driven customer service set to soar, understanding the complicated relationship between advanced technology and customer purchase…

Abstract

With the global market for advanced technology-driven customer service set to soar, understanding the complicated relationship between advanced technology and customer purchase behaviour is paramount. While prior research has touched upon the impact of technology on purchase processes in some aspects, this study investigates the specific features of advanced technology that shape customer purchase intention in greater depth. By investigating when and under what conditions customers choose advanced technology-based purchases, this research sheds light on the evolving landscape of consumer decision-making and it seeks to quantify the transformative power of advanced technology in driving customer purchase intentions.

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Business Strategies and Ethical Challenges in the Digital Ecosystem
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80455-069-4

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1989

Brian H. Kleiner and Walter A. Corrigan

A conceptual framework is provided for understanding the form anddynamics of organisational change. The basic organisational model andlife cycle, the types of organisational…

6732

Abstract

A conceptual framework is provided for understanding the form and dynamics of organisational change. The basic organisational model and life cycle, the types of organisational change, and the role of company culture in organisational change are examined. The mechanics of change are discussed and an overview taken of some pitfalls.

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Leadership & Organization Development Journal, vol. 10 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0143-7739

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Book part
Publication date: 6 August 2018

Yuchen Ren and Xiaojing An

Purpose: The issue of whether participation in online peer-support communities has positive or negative impacts on the psychological adjustment of cancer patients warrants further

Abstract

Purpose: The issue of whether participation in online peer-support communities has positive or negative impacts on the psychological adjustment of cancer patients warrants further explorations from new perspectives. This research investigates the role of personality traits in moderating the impact of online participation on the psychological adjustment of cancer patients in terms of their general psychological well-being and cancer-specific well-being.

Methodology: Study participants consisted of adults diagnosed with leukemia. Questionnaires were collected from 111 participants in two leukemia-related forums in China, Baidu Leukemia Community and Bloodbbs. Information regarding the personality traits, online participation, and psychological adjustment were collected using an online questionnaire. A linear regression model was used to test the moderation effect of personality traits on the relationship between online participation and psychological adjustment.

Findings: The main effect of participation in online support communities on psychological adjustment was not statistically significant. Importantly, two personality traits (i.e., emotional stability and openness to experience) moderated the relationship between online participation and psychological adjustment to cancer. Leukemia patients with high emotional stability and high openness to experience reported better psychological adjustment as they participated more in the online community. However, this was not the case for patients with low stability and low openness, who reported worse psychological adjustment as their participation in the online support community increased.

Value: This study introduces two personality moderators into the discussion of how participation in online support communities influences the lives of cancer patients. The moderation effects help to explain why there have been contradictions in the findings of previous studies. In addition, this study adds to the current literature on online support communities as little research on this topic has been conducted outside of the US and Europe. Practically, this study not only highlights the need to evaluate the personality traits of patients who are recommended to participate in online communities, but also underlines the necessity of intervention in these communities.

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eHealth: Current Evidence, Promises, Perils and Future Directions
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78754-322-5

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Article
Publication date: 1 January 2002

MARK H.A. DAVIS, WALTER SCHACHERMAYER and ROBERT G. TOMPKINS

This article discusses static hedges for installment options, which are finding broad application in cases where the option‐buyer may reduce up‐front premium costs via early…

242

Abstract

This article discusses static hedges for installment options, which are finding broad application in cases where the option‐buyer may reduce up‐front premium costs via early termination of an option. An installment option is a European option in which the premium, instead of being paid up front, is paid in a series of installments. If all installments are paid, the holder receives the exercise value, but the holder has the right terminate payments on any payment date, in which case the option lapses with no further payments on either side. The authors summarize pricing and risk management concepts for these options, in particular, using static hedges to obtain both no‐arbitrage pricing bounds and very effective hedging strategies with almost no vega risk.

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The Journal of Risk Finance, vol. 3 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1526-5943

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Article
Publication date: 1 August 2003

Achim Walter and Thomas Ritter

Suppliers do not only maintain relationships with customers for the customers’ benefits but also for their own sake. Various important value‐creating functions of business…

6039

Abstract

Suppliers do not only maintain relationships with customers for the customers’ benefits but also for their own sake. Various important value‐creating functions of business relationships with customers have been identified in the past. However, the preconditions of this inter‐organizational value‐creation have not been addressed in depth. Drawing upon a database of over 200 customer‐supplier relationships, adaptations, trust and commitment are identified as key drivers for value creation. The results of this study have considerable consequences for the management of inter‐organizational relationships and networks regarding the process of how value could be created in business markets.

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Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, vol. 18 no. 4/5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0885-8624

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 2006

Thomas Ritter and Achim Walter

The paper seeks to analyse and discuss the impact of information technology competence and relationship management on relationship value and relationship profitability.

2614

Abstract

Purpose

The paper seeks to analyse and discuss the impact of information technology competence and relationship management on relationship value and relationship profitability.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on an empirical study of 123 relationships. The data are analysed using regression analysis. Interaction effects and curvilinear effects are tested.

Findings

The empirical results reveal that information technology competence and relationship management have positive effects on relationship function fulfilment and profitability. Furthermore, an interaction effect between information technology competence and relationship management is identified, i.e. the compensatory relation between high‐tech (ITC) and high‐touch (relationship management) is demonstrated.

Research limitations/implications

The limitations of the paper are the lack of dyadic data and the use of key informants. Further research could address these issues. Implications include the interplay between information technology competence and relationship management. The two concepts can replace each other to a certain degree but not fully as the main effects remain positive and significant.

Practical implications

The results of this study may lead to conscious decisions of how to apply the different means to create value and profits from relationships. The important message is that information technology competence can replace parts of relationship management but cannot do so totally. Also, “overcontacting” in relationships may produce dysfunctional effects. Thus, firms need to develop customer‐handling concepts which combine the two possible means in a synergetic way.

Originality/value

The paper combines two areas previously discussed separately, i.e. the influence of information technology competence on relationship functions and profitability and the influence of relationship management on relationships functions and profitability. This combination offers insights for researchers and practitioners.

Details

European Journal of Marketing, vol. 40 no. 3/4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0309-0566

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Book part
Publication date: 10 October 2022

Ibiyemi Omeihe and Christian Harrison

The research on authentic leadership has recently become a priority in leadership literature. As policy-makers and practitioners seek evidence in addressing leadership malfeasance…

Abstract

The research on authentic leadership has recently become a priority in leadership literature. As policy-makers and practitioners seek evidence in addressing leadership malfeasance across organisations and the broader society. Hence, a growing body of evidence suggests that the authentic leadership construct is plagued with a lack of conceptual clarity, embodying philosophical ambiguity and demographic limitations. Consequently, the study provides crucial descriptions of authentic leadership within a developing economy context.

The study’s findings show that three perspectives were evident from the authentic leaders and followers in defining authentic leadership. Authentic leaders perceive the construct from dual perspectives while followers have a singular outlook. The first perspective provided by the authentic leaders focussed on their leadership and how the burden of the role influenced their approach. The second perspective linked authentic leadership to areas that improve organisational outcomes. An unconscious awareness of the necessities that support organisational performance underpins the descriptions by the leaders. Remarkably, followers provide the last perspective that emphasises the relational aspects of the authentic leader and how it influences them in their daily lives. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the study’s contributions and limitations before charting the path for future research.

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The African Context of Business and Society
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80117-853-2

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1967

“It is generally accepted that the food industry must be scientifically based to cope with the problems, particularly of public health, which arise as new processes of growing…

183

Abstract

“It is generally accepted that the food industry must be scientifically based to cope with the problems, particularly of public health, which arise as new processes of growing, manufacturing, packaging and preserving food depart even further from traditional ways.”

Details

British Food Journal, vol. 69 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0007-070X

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