M.A. Abd El‐Ghaffar, S.H. Botros, A.F. Younan and A.A. Yehia
Some organo‐metallic pigments namely copper phthalocyanine, metal and metal free biphthalocyanines, halogenated copper phthalocyanine and two inorganic pigments (red and yellow…
Abstract
Some organo‐metallic pigments namely copper phthalocyanine, metal and metal free biphthalocyanines, halogenated copper phthalocyanine and two inorganic pigments (red and yellow iron oxides) were incorporated into styrene butadiene rubber mixes (SBR). The rheometric characteristics and mechanical properties of the compounded rubber were investigated. The antioxidant efficiency of the above mentioned pigments were evaluated. Beside their good colouring effect the synthesized copper and nickel biphthalocyanines and the commercial red iron oxide have a significant effect on the properties of rubber vulcanizates after ageing. In addition, nickel biphthalocyanine and red iron oxide can be successfully used as ultraviolet stabilizers for rubber vulcanizates.
M.A. Abd El‐Ghaffar, A.F. Younan and A.A. Yehia
Phthalocyanine compounds have their importance due to the massive utilization in various fields. Phthalocyanine blues and greens are used as pigments because of their outstanding…
Abstract
Phthalocyanine compounds have their importance due to the massive utilization in various fields. Phthalocyanine blues and greens are used as pigments because of their outstanding stability to light, heat, acids and alkalis, and of course, their insolubility in water and organic solvents. They are used in printing inks, paints and plastics. Phthalocyanines are also used as catalyst in suffer oxidations in the petroleum industry and find use in lasers, medicines, photography, as photo‐ and semiconductors, in xerography and as indicators.
Amir A. Abdelsalam, Salwa H. El-Sabbagh, Wael S. Mohamed and Mohsen A. Khozami
This study aims to investigate the swelling behavior, mechanical and thermal properties of ternary rubber blend composites prepared by melt blending based on carbon black…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the swelling behavior, mechanical and thermal properties of ternary rubber blend composites prepared by melt blending based on carbon black (CB)-filled natural rubber (NR)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends, containing a variety of compatibilizers. Various compatibilizers, maleic acid anhydride (MAH), prepared emulsion and adhesion system (HRH) were used. A series of NR/SBR/NBR blends at a 30/30/40 blend ratio reinforced with 45 phr of CB were prepared using the master-batch method.
Design/methodology/approach
Thermal aging properties of the composites characterized by their aging coefficient and retention in tensile and elongation at break (E.B. %). Thermal degradation of ternary rubber blend composites based on melt blending has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis.
Findings
The swelling coefficient decreased with increased compatibilizer loading. Results also showed that the tensile strength and E.B. (%) decreased with aging over the entire aging period. Additionally, the addition of compatibilizers into the ternary rubber blend composite had slightly improved the thermal stability.
Research limitations/implications
Interactions between the different components of blends at the interfaces have a high impact on the interfacial properties of the rubber blend.
Practical implications
Compatibilizers significantly improve the properties of the resulting composites with the loading of investigated compatibilizers because of the uniform dispersion of CB in the rubber matrix.
Social implications
Using blends in the rubber industry led to the high-efficiency production of low-cost products.
Originality/value
The rubber blending has a significant positive effect on a wide range of applications such as structural applications, aerospace, military, packaging, tires and biomedical, so improving the compatibility of blends will make new materials suitable for new applications.
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S.H. El‐Sabbagh, A.I. Hussain and M.A. Abd El‐Ghaffar
To evaluate the performance of the compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid prepared on the NBR/EPDM blends compared with maleic anhydride and also to explore the…
Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the performance of the compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid prepared on the NBR/EPDM blends compared with maleic anhydride and also to explore the effect of loading the compatibiliser NBR/EPDM rubber blend with unmodified and modified polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of the blend.
Design/methodology/approach
To achieve desirable rheological and physico‐mechanical properties of NBR/EPDM rubber blend, various compositions were made by incorporating different doses of the compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid prepared and maleic anhydride to form NBR/EPDM blends. The effect of loading the compatibiliser rubber blend with unmodified and modified polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of the blend was investigated.
Findings
The incorporation of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid or maleic anhydride into NBR/EPDM blend greatly enhanced their compatibility improved the rheological, as well as physical properties of rubber blends. The addition of NBR to EPDM improved the motor oil swelling resistance of EPDM. Blending of the two individual rubbers without a compatibiliser generally exhibited a non‐synergistic effect with respect to the physical properties. The strain energy, tensile strength, Young's modulus and strain at yield varied linearly with composition in the presence of compatibiliser, but deviated from linearity in the absence of compatibiliser. Reinforcement of the NBR/EPDM blend with modified polypropylene fibres enhanced the physical properties more significantly than with the unmodified ones.
Research limitations/implications
The compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil was prepared by reacting in situ soyabean oil‐free fatty acid with per‐acetic acid.
Practical implications
The method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improving the rheological and physico‐mechanical properties of the NBR/EPDM rubber blend.
Originality/value
The method for enhancing rheological and physico‐mechanical properties of NBR/EPDM rubber blend loaded with modified polypropylene fibres was very important and showed a synergistic effect and could find numerous applications in the rubber and plastic industries.
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E.A.M. Youssef, D.E. El‐Nashaar and M.A. Abd El‐Ghaffar
Itaconic acid was reacted with phenylene diamine (ortho, meta and para) and o‐tolidine in boiling dekalin, using Dean and Stark apparatus. The polymers prepared were evaluated for…
Abstract
Itaconic acid was reacted with phenylene diamine (ortho, meta and para) and o‐tolidine in boiling dekalin, using Dean and Stark apparatus. The polymers prepared were evaluated for their suitability as antioxidants for natural rubber vulcanizates. The amide polymers prepared showed high efficiency as antioxidants for rubber vulcanizates, exceeding the performance of commercial antioxidants. In addition, the results obtained are encouraging and support the use of these polymers from both the environmental and economical points of view.
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Emad S. Shafik, Nehad N. Rozik, Nadia F. Youssef and Salwa L. Abd-El-Messieh
The purpose of this study is to utilize two types of gypsum mold wastes from two different factories as novel and economical reinforcing fillers for composites that may be useful…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to utilize two types of gypsum mold wastes from two different factories as novel and economical reinforcing fillers for composites that may be useful for building materials and floors. Two types of gypsum mold wastes from two different factories as raw materials were incorporated into linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) aiming to get rid of that waste in one hand and obtaining useful economical composites suitable for building materials and floors.
Design/methodology/approach
Composites were prepared from two types of gypsum mold wastes substituted with different ratios from raw gypsum and LLDPE throughout the melt blending technique. The physico-mechanical and electrical investigations in addition to the morphology of the composites were included.
Findings
The mechanical results illustrate that substituting commercial gypsum with gypsum mold waste positively affects tensile strength, flexural strength and hardness shore D for the LLDPE composites. The tensile strength increased from 5 MPa for LLDPE filled with commercial gypsum as blank samples to 11.2 and 13.2 MPa for LLDPE filled with D and S waste. Also, electrical properties which include both permittivity ɛ′ and dielectric loss ɛ″ increased with increasing the waste content in the LLDPE matrix. In addition to the electrical conductivity values, σ lies in the order of insulation materials. Consequently, it is possible to produce materials with a gypsum matrix by adding industrial waste, improving the behavior of the traditional gypsum and enabling those composites to be applied in various construction applications as eco-friendly tiles.
Originality/value
This study aims to prepare eco-friendly composites based on LLDPE and waste gypsum mold to preserve resources for the coming generations, other than lowering the environmental footprint and saving the costs of getting rid of it.
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Mona Saied, Abeer Reffaee, Shimaa Hamieda, Salwa L. Abd- El- Messieh and Emad S. Shafik
This study aims to get rid of non-degradable polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste as well as sunflower seed cake (SSC) waste by preparing eco-friendly composites from both in different…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to get rid of non-degradable polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste as well as sunflower seed cake (SSC) waste by preparing eco-friendly composites from both in different proportions to reach good mechanical and insulating properties for antimicrobial and antistatic applications.
Design/methodology/approach
Eco-friendly composite films based on waste polyvinylchloride (WPVC) and SSC of concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 Wt.%) were prepared using solution casting method. Further, the effect of sunflower seed oil (SSO) on the biophysical properties of the prepared composites is also investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope, mechanical, thermal, dielectric properties were assessed. Besides, the antimicrobial and biodegradation tests were also studied.
Findings
The crystallinity increases by rising SSC concentration as revealed by XRD results. Additionally, the permittivity (ε′) increases by increasing SSC filler and SSO as well. A remarkable increase in dc conductivity was attained after the addition of SSO. While raw WPVC has very low bacterial activity. The composite films are found to be very effective against staphylococcus epidermidis, staphylococcus aureus bacteria and against candida albicans as well. On the other hand, the weight loss of WPVC increases by adding of SSC and SSO, as disclosed by biodegradation studies.
Originality/value
The study aims to reach the optimum method for safe and beneficial disposal of PVC waste as well as SSC for antistatic and antimicrobial application.
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This review aims to present the problems facing the rubber industry, including a shortage of raw materials such as fillers and ways to overcome them by finding renewable…
Abstract
Purpose
This review aims to present the problems facing the rubber industry, including a shortage of raw materials such as fillers and ways to overcome them by finding renewable, environmentally friendly natural alternatives that can be used as fillers in the rubber industry, with the aim of preserving the environment from pollution and reducing the cost of products. This research also presents new varieties of eco-friendly and renewable fillers for rubber composites including agricultural waste, biochar and biofiller and also presents methods of treating them to improve the mechanical properties of the composites.
Design/methodology/approach
Agricultural waste is a sustainable energy resource that possesses various potential applications, such as its utilization in the production of construction materials and multifunctional components for automobiles. Researchers have focused on how to channel agricultural waste fibers into valuable materials while preserving environmental and human health by considering their potential for industrial use. These fillers have an excellent chance to replace or supplement the current carbon black derived from petroleum or the undesirable bulky mineral fillers. To improve the efficiency of waste natural fibers in rubber composites, several types of surface treatment techniques have been investigated including alkaline treatment, silane treatment and permanganate treatment.
Findings
Adding 10 phr of cereal straw to natural rubber increases the tensile strength and hardness compared to blank natural rubber, as the tensile strength increased from 13.53 MPa for natural rubber to 15.3 for rubber containing 10 phr of untreated cereal straw filler and became 19.6 MPa in the case of using filler treated with peroxide. Also, tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break of the kenaf fiber-filled natural rubber composites are higher for composites with silane coupling agent. The utilization of sustainable biofillers as reinforcement in rubber composites has shown promising results in enhancing the performance of tires and other rubber products.
Originality/value
This review presents a new approach to evaluating the effect of using eco-friendly and sustainable reinforcing fillers for the rubber industry to preserve the environment and reduce production costs.
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Nehad N. Rozik, Emad Saad Shafik and Salwa L. Abd-El-Messieh
This study aims to polymerize of 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide (PIL). PIL was embedded into PVA with a different content ratio by casting method. This research also deals…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to polymerize of 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide (PIL). PIL was embedded into PVA with a different content ratio by casting method. This research also deals with the effect of adding PIL in different proportions to PVA on the electrical and mechanical properties properties in addition to the morphology of the prepared samples.
Design/methodology/approach
1-Butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide was synthesized through quaternization and free radical polymerization. The resulting polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. In addition to the morphology of PVA, PVA/PIL was investigated by polarizing microscope. Also, the effect of PIL content on the electrical and mechanical properties was evaluated.
Findings
The findings of this study might lead to new applications for PVA and PILs in electrical and dielectrics. The mechanical results revealed that the tensile strength increased slightly with increasing polyionic liquid (PIL) content and decreased above 10% PIL. While the elongation at break increased significantly with increasing PIL content and begin to decrease above 10% PIL. Also, the electrical property of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/PIL blends was improved because of the strong plasticizing effect of PIL. Also, the electrical conductivity of these polymer electrolytes is greatly increased. This indicates that the imidazolium-based PIL has an effective approach that leads to an increase in the conductivity of the polymer. The PILs/PVA design will not only enrich the chemical structure but also will contribute to green manufacturing techniques and a processing methodology that enables green membrane manufacture.
Originality/value
This study contributes to green manufacturing techniques and a processing methodology that enables “green” membrane manufacture.
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Salwa H. El-Sabbagh, Doaa Samir Mahmoud, Nivin M. Ahmed, A.A. Ward and Magdy Wadid Sabaa
This paper aims to study the role of organobentonite (OB) as a filler to improve the mechanical strength of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Organoclay was first prepared by…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to study the role of organobentonite (OB) as a filler to improve the mechanical strength of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Organoclay was first prepared by modifying bentonite with different concentrations of N-cetyl-N, N, N-triethyl ammonium bromide. A series of SBR composites reinforced with OB were prepared using master-batch method.
Design/methodology/approach
The curing characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal behavior, dielectric properties and morphology of SBR/OB composites were investigated.
Findings
The elastic modulus and tensile strength of composites were increased by inclusion of OB, while the elongation at break was decreased, due to the increase in the degree of cross-linking density. Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed an improvement in the thermal stability of the composite containing 0.5 cation exchange capacity (CEC) OB, while the scanning electron micrographs confirmed more homogenous distribution of 0.5CEC OB in the rubber matrix. Also, SBR/0.5CEC OB showed low relative permittivity and electrical insulating properties.
Research limitations/implications
Bentonite has been recognized as a potentially useful filler in polymer matrix composites because of their high swelling capacity and plate morphology.
Practical implications
OB improves the cured rubber by increasing the tensile strength and the stiffness of the vulcanizate.
Social implications
Using cheap clay in rubber industry lead to production of low cost products with high efficiency.
Originality/value
The clay represents a convenient source because of their environmental compatibility. The low cost and easy availability make the modified clay used as fillers in rubber matrices, and the resultant composites can be applied in variety industrial of applications such as automobile industries, shoe outsoles, packaging materials and construction engineering.