R. Green, J. David, M. Dent and A. Tyshkovsky
Outlines the methodology and results of a study into entrepreneurism in the new Russian economy. Asks whether the Russian entrepreneur can be characterized as similar to…
Abstract
Outlines the methodology and results of a study into entrepreneurism in the new Russian economy. Asks whether the Russian entrepreneur can be characterized as similar to entrepreneurs identified in research in Western economies. Discusses the results in the context of the debate on individual v. situational causes of entrepreneurial success. Claims it would be helpful to the promotion of business venturing in growing economies, if differences in entrepreneurial psychological profiles could not only be identified, but were indicative of the potential for training or socialization.
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The main purpose of this chapter is to discuss the design and development of creative ventures and activities in tourism-related industries. This chapter also aims to provide…
Abstract
Purpose
The main purpose of this chapter is to discuss the design and development of creative ventures and activities in tourism-related industries. This chapter also aims to provide prospective entrepreneurs with practical guidance to pursue business opportunities and manage creative tourism business.
Methodology/approach
Literature review was conducted on main conceptual issues and practical aspects of entrepreneurship and creative tourism business. These issues have been illustrated by case studies from the business world.
Findings
This chapter outlines and highlights the main components/segments of the creative tourism, the profile of entrepreneurs in this industry, the main elements of creative tourism experiences, as well as the requirements and expectations of creative tourists.
Research limitations/implications
This chapter is explorative in nature based on a literature review and case studies. It takes an entrepreneurial perspective and approach.
Practical implications
An in-depth understanding the concept of creative tourism and its implementation is really useful in designing, managing and marketing the appropriate offering of experience opportunities in the creative tourism business. Therefore, to provide high-quality offering and memorable experiences in this field, prospective entrepreneurs should fully understand and apprehend the characteristics, the requirements and expectations of creative tourists.
Originality/value
This chapter analyses conceptual frameworks and presents practical examples of business ventures through case study development. In doing so, it provides a better understanding of the entrepreneurship in the field of creative tourism.
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Microfinance programs across the countries are designed on the self-help and peer pressure model, aim at microentrepreneurship development. Despite of significant studies on…
Abstract
Purpose
Microfinance programs across the countries are designed on the self-help and peer pressure model, aim at microentrepreneurship development. Despite of significant studies on microfinance-supported microentrepreneurship (MSM), not a single literature examines it from the systems thinking. In addition to that, the extant literature did not look MSM from the behavioral perspectives. To address the above gaps, the present study aims to examine self-help group (SHG)-based microfinance programs from the systems approach using the Stimulus-Organism-Behavior-Consequence (SOBC) model.
Design/methodology/approach
Information gathered from 786 women SHG members from four states of India through a structured interview schedule. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were conducted to process data. Additional statistical tests were performed to test the reliability and validity.
Findings
It was found that the “positive stimulus” (social intermediation, financial intermediation and business development services) positively impacted; and “negative stimulus” (intermediation accountability, and intermediation assumption) negatively impact, to “motive” (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control) for micro-entrepreneurship in the SHG-based microfinance. Further, “motive” positively predicted “behavioral intention”; the “behavioral intention” positively determined “consequences” of micro-entrepreneurship. Intermediation as stimuli acted as “input”; the motive and behavioral intention acted as the “process”, and the consequence acted as the “output” in the SHG-based microentrepreneurship system.
Originality/value
To the best of the author's knowledge, this paper is the first one to examine the behavioral systems of microentrepreneurship programs through the Stimulus-Organism-Behavior-Consequence (SOBC) model.
Peer review
The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-12-2022-0801
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Bob Ritchie and Clare Brindley
To develop a contingency framework that will assist in overcoming the concerns expressed about the ability to integrate and generalise findings from research studies into…
Abstract
Purpose
To develop a contingency framework that will assist in overcoming the concerns expressed about the ability to integrate and generalise findings from research studies into entrepreneurship and small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs).
Design/methodology/approach
A preliminary framework is developed as a contribution towards fulfilling the need for a means of connecting often, diverse studies into SMEs and entrepreneurship. The framework is evaluated initially in terms of previous studies in the field and subsequently employing results from the authors' own cross‐national empirical studies involving ethnic, gender and cultural barriers to engaging in entrepreneurship.
Findings
The results from a series of empirical studies of experienced managers and aspiring managers are presented. The nature of the cultural differences and the implications for future research and policy making are evaluated. Issues such as the motivating and de‐motivating factors associated with establishing and managing an SME are highlighted.
Research limitations/implications
The findings are used to initiate the development and formulation of a contingency framework of entrepreneurship, which identifies cultural factors and differences as significant contingency variables.
Practical implications
The importance of recognising the impact of cultural and gender differences on the development and application of policies and practices designed to stimulate and sustain entrepreneurship and enterprise is highlighted. This theoretical contribution should lead to more robust policy development.
Originality/value
The development of a contingency framework which addresses differences in the contextual circumstances in differing countries or regions in terms of culture, gender and ethnicity. Providing support for this framework based on the review of relevant literature and empirical evidence.
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Arto Ojala and Hannakaisa Isomäki
Entrepreneurship and small businesses in Russia have been of academic interest for over 15 years. This paper seeks to bring together current knowledge concerning the phenomenon…
Abstract
Purpose
Entrepreneurship and small businesses in Russia have been of academic interest for over 15 years. This paper seeks to bring together current knowledge concerning the phenomenon, and to suggest further directions for research.
Design/methodology/approach
The study consists of a systematic review of 48 refereed empirical articles on entrepreneurship and small businesses in Russia.
Findings
From the articles reviewed it appears that entrepreneurs in Russia use non‐material resources to overcome the financial and institutional obstacles, which still seem to afflict the market. However, theoretical and methodological issues are, in many cases, poorly reported and this undermines the scientific rigour of the studies they report.
Research limitations/implications
Because of the wide scope of the studies reviewed the results included here provide somewhat broad‐brush descriptions of the phenomenon. However, it is believed that the findings are valuable for an understanding of the current situation for entrepreneurship and small businesses in Russia. The findings may also stimulate more in‐depth research in this increasingly important topic.
Originality/value
To the best of one's knowledge, no literature review on this topic has previously been published in academic journals.
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Sascha G. Walter and Simon Heinrichs
The purpose of this paper is to cumulate published empirical studies (1980-2009) on the relationship between individual variables and entrepreneurial status. The authors…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to cumulate published empirical studies (1980-2009) on the relationship between individual variables and entrepreneurial status. The authors categorize repeatedly analyzed determinants into six perspectives (trait, cognitive, affective, intentions, learning, and economic), review empirical findings for each determinant and each perspective, investigate trends in the field, and propose avenues for future research.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors categorize determinants into one of the six paradigms and review findings for 46 repeatedly studied variables from 131 studies. Support for each variable, publication outlets chosen, and temporal trends in exploring entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurial status or differences between entrepreneurs and other individuals are analyzed.
Findings
Prior studies have focused on trait and economic perspectives with strong support, followed by the learning and intentions perspectives. The affective perspective is a still under-researched, yet growing field. Most articles were published in the 1990s. The emphasis on theoretical perspectives varies over decades. Directions for future research include integrating the perspectives (e.g. across the cognitive and affective domain), testing the temporal stability of influences, and developing and testing cross-level models that incorporate contextual influences.
Originality/value
The paper complements prior reviews and meta-analyses by picturing the breadth of the field and adding important points to the research agenda.
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The purpose of this research is to explore the entrepreneurship profile of Turkish university students and to make an evaluation for their entrepreneurship orientation by…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this research is to explore the entrepreneurship profile of Turkish university students and to make an evaluation for their entrepreneurship orientation by comparing them with non‐entrepreneurially inclined students.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, six traits, namely need for achievement, locus of control, risk taking propensity, tolerance for ambiguity, innovativeness and self‐confidence, are used to define the entrepreneurial profile of students. The study is conducted on a random sample of fourth year university students (n = 400) from two Turkish universities. The question “what are you planning to do after graduation?” was asked to students in order to discriminate between those who are entrepreneurially inclined and those who are not. Respondents who have a response saying that “I'm planning to form my own business venture” are accepted as potential entrepreneurs. Then, the entrepreneurial traits of these students are subjected to a comparative analysis with other students who do not plan to start their own businesses, and thus are not included in the group of potential entrepreneurs. In short, a 40‐item questionnaire is administered to students, with questions related to demographic variables, entrepreneurial inclination, and six entrepreneurial traits above cited (with Likert type items).
Findings
The results of the t‐tests showed that, except for tolerance for ambiguity and self‐confidence, all entrepreneurial traits are found to be higher in entrepreneurially inclined students, as compared to entrepreneurially non‐inclined students. That is, these students are found to have higher risk taking propensity, internal locus of control, higher need for achievement and higher innovativeness.
Research limitations/implications
The study comprises fourth year students only, and the percentage of students in the sample who wish to be entrepreneurs is quite low (18 per cent). Also, there are only two universities included in the sample. Further study can be conducted on a wider basis to lead to more general conclusions.
Practical implications
This study provides insight into entrepreneurship education, as to which entrepreneurial characteristics can be developed to raise good entrepreneurs.
Originality/value
This study contributes to understanding the differences between characteristics of entrepreneurially inclined and non‐inclined students at the edge of graduation.
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Sammy King‐fai Hui, Josephine Csete and John Raftery
The purpose of this paper is to report a study investigating the success stories of six entrepreneurs in the Hong Kong construction and property field.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to report a study investigating the success stories of six entrepreneurs in the Hong Kong construction and property field.
Design/methodology/approach
Through in‐depth interviews, participants shared their experiences and the factors they perceived as contributing to their success.
Findings
Evidence obtained from the interviews suggests what scholars mean by the Chinese entrepreneurial ethic is best understood as a combination of cultural values and strategizing behaviours.
Research limitations/implications
Data collected in this study were restricted to the construction and property industry. However, the same combination of values and strategies would be an essential factor contributing to success in other industries, and therefore further exploration of this is encouraged.
Originality/value
This paper explores the factors which successful Hong Kong construction and property entrepreneurs regarded as contributing to their success, it adds knowledge to the discussion of whether success can sensibly be explained.
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Rita Kottász and Roger Bennett
The purpose of the study was to develop and test a model explaining visual artists’ levels of commitment to their primary distributors (dealers, agents, gallery owners).
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the study was to develop and test a model explaining visual artists’ levels of commitment to their primary distributors (dealers, agents, gallery owners).
Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire was completed by 220 British artists covering their relationships with the main external intermediaries they used most frequently. The questionnaire covered the elements of a structural equation model designed to predict commitment levels. The model included as mediating variables the strength of an artist's personal brand and the individual's control over, dependence on, and conflict with a distributor.
Findings
Most of the respondents had good relationships with their distributors. The hypothesised model provided a sound fit with the data, although there was no significant connection between an artist's ability to control a distributor and the person's commitment to the distributor.
Research limitations/implications
The research was undertaken in a single country and only visual artists (rather than, for instance, performing artists) were considered. Space restrictions prevented the detailed examination within the questionnaire of the participants’ relationships with different types of intermediary.
Practical implications
Artists should cultivate powerful personal brands and apply ‘relationalist’ approaches when dealing with distributors.
Originality/value
The study was the first to apply marketing theories of distribution to the arts domain. A new and original measure of the extent of a visual artist's personal branding activities was devised and employed as a part of the investigation.
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Robert D. Hisrich and Mateja Drnovsek
Interest in the field of entrepreneurship has significantly increased among academics, practitioners and government officials in the past decade both in the USA and in Europe. The…
Abstract
Interest in the field of entrepreneurship has significantly increased among academics, practitioners and government officials in the past decade both in the USA and in Europe. The increased interest is reflected in the increased number of courses, majors and minors at colleges and universities throughout the world; the increased number of endowed chairs; the increased number of journals in the field; the increased coverage of the field by the media; and the increased interest in the provision of government support. In light of this significant increased interest, it is important to understand the state of research in the field in Europe in the last few years, the focus of this article.